{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T10:33:46Z","timestamp":1785148426799,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]],"date-time":"2024-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation and Haidian Original Innovation Joint Fund","award":["L222122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L222122"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) imposes a significant disease burden on infants and the elderly. Intranasal immunization using attenuated live vaccines and certain vector vaccines against HRSV has completed phase II clinical trials with good safety and efficacy.Recombinant protein vaccines for mucosal immunization require potent mucosal adjuvants. Type I interferon (IFN), as a natural mucosal adjuvant, significantly enhances antigen-presenting cell processing and antigen presentation, promoting the production of T and B cells. Methods: This study utilized human \u03b12b interferon (IFN-human) and mouse \u03b12 interferon (IFN-mouse) as nasal mucosal adjuvants in combination with fusion protein (F). Intranasal immunization was performed on BALB\/c mice to evaluate the immunogenicity of the formulation in vivo. Results: Compared to the F protein immunization group, mice in the F + IFN-Human and F + IFN-Mouse experimental groups exhibited significantly increased neutralizing antibody titers and augmented secretion of IFN-\u03b3 and IL-4 by lymphocytes,\u00a0 and both of them could induce the production of high-titer specific IgA antibodies in mice (p &lt; 0.001).The F + IFN-Human immunization induced the highest IgG and IgG1 antibody titers in mice; however, the F + IFN-Mouse immunization group elicited the highest neutralizing antibody titers (598), lowest viral loads in the lungs (Ct value of 31), and fastest weight recovery in mice. Moreover, mice in the F + IFN-Mouse immunization group displayed the mildest lung pathological damage (Total score of pathological injury was 2). Conclusions: In conclusion, IFN-Mouse, as a mucosal adjuvant for HRSV recombinant protein vaccines, demonstrated superior protective effects in mice compared to IFN-Human adjuvants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12111297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]],"date-time":"2024-11-20T07:02:58Z","timestamp":1732086178000},"page":"1297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Preliminary Study on Type I Interferon as a Mucosal Adjuvant for Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus F Protein"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Hongqiao","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles\/Rubella Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles\/Rubella Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China"},{"name":"Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jinan 250117, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles\/Rubella Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles\/Rubella Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqing","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles\/Rubella Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9826-4044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles\/Rubella Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles\/Rubella Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles\/Rubella Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2017.09.009","article-title":"Clinical Potential of Prefusion RSV F-specific Antibodies","volume":"26","author":"Rossey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0b013e3182070990","article-title":"Mortality and morbidity among infants at high risk for severe respiratory syncytial virus infection receiving prophylaxis with palivizumab: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Checchia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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