{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:37:15Z","timestamp":1760146635250,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel, Brazil)"},{"name":"CNPq (National Council for Scientific and Technological Development)"},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)"},{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia do Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade do Brasil"},{"name":"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG)"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia em Doen\u00e7as Tropicais (INCT-DT)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Considering the large number of candidates in vaccine-testing studies against different pathogens and the amount of time spent in the preclinical and clinical trials, there is a pressing need to develop an improved in vivo system to quickly screen vaccine candidates. The model of a polyester\u2013polyurethane sponge implant provides a rapid analysis of the specific stimulus\u2013response, allowing the study of a compartmentalized microenvironment. The sponge implant\u2019s defined measurements were standardized as a compartment to assess the immune response triggered by the vaccinal antigen. The LBSap vaccine (composed of Leishmania braziliensis antigens associated with saponin adjuvant) was used in the sponge model to assess the antigen-specific immunological biomarker, including memory generation after initial contact with the antigen. Methods: Mice strains (Swiss, BALB\/c, and C57BL\/6) were previously immunized using LBSap vaccine, followed by an antigenic booster performed inside the sponge implant. The sponge implants were assessed after 72 h, and the immune response pattern was analyzed according to leukocyte immunophenotyping and cytokine production. Results: After LBSap vaccination, the innate immune response of the antigenic booster in the sponge implants demonstrated higher levels in the Ly+ neutrophils and CD11c+ dendritic cells with reduced numbers of F4\/80+ macrophages. Moreover, the adaptive immune response in Swiss mice demonstrated a high CD3+CD4+ T-cell frequency, consisting of an effector memory component, in addition to a cytoxicity response (CD3+CD8+ T cells), displaying the central memory biomarker. The major cell surface biomarker in the BALB\/c mice strain was related to CD3+CD4+ effector memory, while the increased CD3+CD8+ effector memory was highlighted in C57\/BL6. The cytokine profile was more inflammatory in Swiss mice, with the highest levels of IL-6, TNF, IFN-g, and IL-17, while the same cytokine was observed in in C57BL\/6 yet modulated by enhanced IL-10 levels. Similar to Swiss mice, BALB\/c mice triggered an inflammatory environment after the antigenic booster in the sponge implant with the increased levels in the ILL-6, TNF, and IFN-g. Conclusions: The findings emphasized the impact of genetic background on the populations engaged in immune responses, suggesting that this model can be utilized to enhance and track both innate and adaptive immune responses in vaccine candidates. Consequently, these results may inform the selection of the most suitable experimental model for biomolecule testing, taking into account how the unique characteristics of each mouse strain affect the immune response dynamics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12121322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T05:06:53Z","timestamp":1732597613000},"page":"1322","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Application of the Sponge Model Implants in the Study of Vaccine Memory in Mice Previously Immunized with LBSap"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mariana Ferreira","family":"Lanna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biology of Cellular Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"},{"name":"Immunopathology Laboratory, N\u00facleo de Pesquisas em Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas (NUPEB), Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucilene Aparecida","family":"Resende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biology of Cellular Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2017-8602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula Mello","family":"De Luca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), FIOCRUZ Av. Brasil, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wanessa Moreira","family":"Goes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biology of Cellular Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maykelin Fuentes","family":"Zald\u00edvar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biology of Cellular Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1621-8085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 Tetzl","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biology of Cellular Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7586-9996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walderez Ornelas","family":"Dutra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biology of Cellular Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8123-4164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre Barbosa","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunopathology Laboratory, N\u00facleo de Pesquisas em Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas (NUPEB), Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olindo Assis","family":"Martins-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Biomarker Research Group, Ren\u00e9 Rachou Research Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte 30190-002, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth Jhon","family":"Gollob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Albert Einstein Israeli Institute of Education and Research, Albert Einstein Hospital, S\u00e3o Paulo 05652-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra Aparecida Lima","family":"de Moura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomaterials and Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2370-5113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edelberto Santos","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taxonomy of Phlebotomines\/Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Control of Leishmaniasis Group, Ren\u00e9 Rachou Research Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte 30190-002, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c9rika Michalsky","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taxonomy of Phlebotomines\/Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Control of Leishmaniasis Group, Ren\u00e9 Rachou Research Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte 30190-002, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"Silveira-Lemos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biology of Cellular Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Jos\u00e9 Ros\u00e1rio Vellano University, Belo Horizonte Campus, Belo Horizonte 31270-020, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4181-7546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodolfo Cordeiro","family":"Giunchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biology of Cellular Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1951.01250040294003","article-title":"Plastic Sponge Which Acts as a Framework for Living Tissue; Experimental Studies and Preliminary Report of Use to Reinforce Abdominal Aneurysms","volume":"63","author":"Grindlay","year":"1951","journal-title":"AMA Arch. 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