{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T20:57:57Z","timestamp":1790456277747,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes, Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, St. Paul\u2019s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>HIV causes intense polyclonal activation of B cells, resulting in increased numbers of spontaneously antibody-secreting cells in the circulation and hypergammaglobulinemia. It is accompanied by significant perturbations in various B cell subsets, such as increased frequencies of immature\/transitional B cells, activated memory B cells, atypical memory B cells, short-lived plasmablasts and regulatory B cells, as well as by decreased frequencies of resting memory and resting na\u00efve B cells. Furthermore, both memory and antigen-inexperienced na\u00efve B cells show exhausted and immune-senescent phenotypes. HIV also drives the expansion and functional impairment of CD4+ T follicular helper cells, which provide help to B cells, crucial for the generation of germinal center reactions and production of long-lived plasma and memory B cells. By suppressing viral replication, anti-retroviral therapy reverses the virus-induced perturbations and functional defects, albeit inadequately. Due to HIV\u2019s lingering impact on B cells, immune senescence and residual chronic inflammation, people with HIV (PWH), especially immune non-responders, are immunocompromised and mount suboptimal antibody responses to vaccination for SARS-CoV-2. Here, we review how functionally and phenotypically distinct B cell subsets are induced in response to a vaccine and an infection and how HIV infection and anti-retroviral therapy (ART) impact them. We also review the role played by HIV-induced defects and perturbations in B cells in the induction of humoral immune responses to currently used anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in PWH on ART. We also outline different strategies that could potentially enhance the vaccine-induced antibody responses in PWH. The review will provide guidance and impetus for further research to improve the immunogenicity of these vaccines in this human population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12121372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T06:24:44Z","timestamp":1733379884000},"page":"1372","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Impact of HIV on B Cell Compartment and Its Implications for COVID-19 Vaccinations in People with HIV"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Lixing","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2297-2209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Branka","family":"Vulesevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MariaLuisa","family":"Vigano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alia","family":"As\u2019sadiq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Samarani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0323-8885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aslam H.","family":"Anis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, St. Paul\u2019s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche, H\u00f4pital Ste Justine, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3T 1C5, Canada"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3T 1C5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4547-714X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia T.","family":"Costiniuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illnesses Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal QC H4A 3J1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.4MR1019-189R","article-title":"Incomplete Immune Reconstitution in HIV\/AIDS Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy: Challenges of Immunological Non-Responders","volume":"107","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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