{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T23:21:15Z","timestamp":1781738475488,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondo de Investigaci\u00f3n Veterinaria de la Direcci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n de la Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias de la Universidad de Chile","award":["FIV2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIV2022"]}]},{"name":"Fondo de Investigaci\u00f3n Veterinaria de la Direcci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n de la Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias de la Universidad de Chile","award":["12101701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12101701"]}]},{"name":"Fondo de Investigaci\u00f3n Veterinaria de la Direcci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n de la Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias de la Universidad de Chile","award":["D08I1085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D08I1085"]}]},{"name":"Bucarey and the Chilean Agency for Research and Development (ANID) Fondef Idea I + D","award":["FIV2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIV2022"]}]},{"name":"Bucarey and the Chilean Agency for Research and Development (ANID) Fondef Idea I + D","award":["12101701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12101701"]}]},{"name":"Bucarey and the Chilean Agency for Research and Development (ANID) Fondef Idea I + D","award":["D08I1085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D08I1085"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immunization against Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) has been successfully explored and developed for the parenteral inoculation of animals, aimed at controlling fertility, reducing male aggressiveness, and preventing boar taint. Although effective, these vaccines may cause adverse reactions at the injection site, including immunosuppression and inflammation, as well as the involvement of laborious and time-consuming procedures. Oral vaccines represent an advancement in antigen delivery technology in the vaccine industry. In this study, a Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) mutant lacking the pathogenicity island 2 (S. Typhimurium \u0394SPI2) was used as a vehicle and mucosal adjuvant to deliver two genetic constructs in an attempt to develop an oral immunological preparation against gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone (GnRH). S. Typhimurium \u0394SPI2 was transformed to carry two plasmids containing a modified GnRH gene repeated in tandem (GnRXG\/Q), one under eukaryotic expression control (pDNA::GnRXG\/Q) and another under prokaryotic expression control (pJexpress::GnRXG\/Q). A group of three male BALB\/c mice were orally immunized and vaccination-boosted 30 days later. The oral administration of S. Typhimurium \u0394SPI2 transformed with both plasmids was effective in producing antibodies against GnRXG\/Q, leading to a decrease in serum testosterone levels and testicular tissue atrophy, evidenced by a reduction in the transverse tubular diameter of the seminiferous tubules and a decrease in the number of layers of the seminiferous epithelium in the testes of the inoculated mice. These results suggest that S. Typhimurium \u0394SPI2 can be used as a safe and simple system to produce an oral formulation against GnRH and that Salmonella-mediated oral antigen delivery is a novel, yet effective, alternative to induce an immune response against GnRH in a murine model, warranting further research in other animal species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12121400","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T03:52:49Z","timestamp":1733975569000},"page":"1400","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Oral Vaccine Formulation for Immunocastration Using a Live-Attenuated Salmonella \u0394SPI2 Strain as an Antigenic Vector"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5811-2433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio A.","family":"Bucarey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Biotecnol\u00f3gico Veterinario, Biovetec, Departamento de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas Animales, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Santiago 8820808, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy D.","family":"Maldonado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Biotecnol\u00f3gico Veterinario, Biovetec, Departamento de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas Animales, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Santiago 8820808, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Biotecnol\u00f3gico Veterinario, Biovetec, Departamento de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas Animales, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Santiago 8820808, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7788-3185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro A.","family":"Hidalgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Qu\u00edmica y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Sazi\u00e9 2320, Santiago 8370134, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"S\u00e1enz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Vacunas Veterinarias, Departamento de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas Animales, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Santiago 8820808, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2011.01931.x","article-title":"Evaluation of the Efficacy of Immunocastration Vaccine Composed of Gonadotrophin-Releasing Hormone Conjugated with Salmonella Typhimurium Flagellin in Rats","volume":"47","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod. 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