{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:40:32Z","timestamp":1760146832494,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC2605001","SKLPBS2204","20220484026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2605001","SKLPBS2204","20220484026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity of China","award":["2023YFC2605001","SKLPBS2204","20220484026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2605001","SKLPBS2204","20220484026"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005090","name":"Beijing Nova Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC2605001","SKLPBS2204","20220484026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2605001","SKLPBS2204","20220484026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Since 2022, outbreaks of monkeypox have raised widespread concern and have been declared a public health emergency of international concern by the World Health Organization. There is an urgent need to develop a safe and effective vaccine against the monkeypox virus (MPXV). Recombinant protein vaccines play a significant role in the prevention of infectious diseases due to their high safety and efficacy. Methods: We used the A29, E8, M1, A35, and B6 proteins of MPXV as candidate antigens to generate a panel of multi-component MPXV vaccine candidates, which were administered subcutaneously to immunize mice. Results: The results showed that the vaccine candidates Mix-AEM, Mix-AEMA, Mix-AEMB, and Mix-AEMAB effectively elicited strong neutralizing antibody responses and demonstrated significant protection against vaccinia virus (VACV) infection in a murine model. The vaccine candidate Mix-AEM induced significantly higher levels of neutralizing antibodies, cellular immunity capacity, and virus clearance compared to the vaccine candidate Mix-AE (lacking M1). Single-component immunization showed that M1 induced higher levels of neutralizing antibodies than A29 and E8. These results indicated that M1 is a critical and essential antigen in the MPXV vaccine. The number of cells secreting IFN-\u03b3 was significantly increased in the Mix-AEMA and Mix-AEMAB groups compared to the A35-deficient vaccine candidates, demonstrating the important role of A35 in inducing IFN-\u03b3 secreting. In addition, the neutralizing antibodies induced by these multi-component vaccine candidates were maintained at high levels six months after the third immunization. Conclusions: In summary, this study lays the groundwork for combining antigens to develop multi-component subunit vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12121410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T05:55:45Z","timestamp":1734069345000},"page":"1410","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Multi-Component Protein Vaccine Induces a Strong and Long-Term Immune Response Against Monkeypox Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xiaolan","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yakun","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongjing","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liangyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.02.003","article-title":"Monkeypox (mpox) virus: Classification, origin, transmission, genome organization, antiviral drugs, and molecular diagnosis","volume":"16","author":"Karagoz","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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