{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T14:24:48Z","timestamp":1775917488995,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"GAVI, the Vaccine Alliance","award":["66916"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["66916"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Yellow fever (YF) outbreaks continue to affect populations that are not reached by routine immunization services, such as workers at a high risk of occupational exposure to YF. In the Central African Republic (CAR), YF cases were detected in districts characterized by the presence of workers in forest areas. We developed an innovative approach based on a local partnership with private companies of the extractive industry to administer YF vaccine to workers in remote areas during the response to an outbreak. Methods: The planning stage of the campaign included the mapping of forestry and mining companies through the involvement of national and\/or local representatives of companies from both the formal and informal sectors. Information sessions and mobilization targeted the heads of operating companies. Advanced and mobile strategies were used to target workers on their work site. Companies provided logistical support including transportation and communication and set up temporary vaccination posts. Results: Using this local partnership, it was possible to vaccinate over 70,000 workers (5.8% of the entire vaccinated population) in hard-to-reach areas, protecting them from YF. This represented around 47% of the estimated number of workers and dependents. The partnership with the private sector also contributed to increasing knowledge on the risk of YF and means of protection among a high-risk community. Conclusions: Private companies represent potentially useful actors that can contribute to the protection of high-risk workers and to the prevention and control YF outbreaks. The experience in the CAR has demonstrated that it is possible to obtain support from private companies, including informal ones, for a vaccination campaign.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12121424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T10:54:02Z","timestamp":1734432842000},"page":"1424","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Reaching Forest Workers with Yellow Fever Vaccine Through Engagement of the Private Sector in Central African Republic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Gertrude","family":"Noufack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, 106 Djoue, Brazzaville P.O. Box 06, Congo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Placide","family":"Bissengue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Population de la R\u00e9publique Centrafricaine, Bangui, Central African Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junior Koma","family":"Zobanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization Country Office, Avenue Gamal Abdel Nasser, Bangui BP 1416, Central African Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junior St\u00e8ve Cyrille","family":"Malingao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization Country Office, Avenue Gamal Abdel Nasser, Bangui BP 1416, Central African Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6304-9288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mory","family":"Keita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, 106 Djoue, Brazzaville P.O. Box 06, Congo"},{"name":"Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie Constance","family":"Razaiarimanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization Country Office, Avenue Gamal Abdel Nasser, Bangui BP 1416, Central African Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4046-9757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie-Eve","family":"Raguenaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, December 06). Eliminate Yellow Fever Epidemics (EYE): Strategy Partners Meeting Report: Geneva, Switzerland, 9\u201310 May 2017. Available online: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/279723."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Servadio, J.L., Mu\u00f1oz-Zanzi, C., and Convertino, M. (2021). Estimating case fatality risk of severe Yellow Fever cases: Systematic literature review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect. Dis., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06535-4"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e64670","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.64670","article-title":"The global burden of yellow fever","volume":"10","author":"Gaythorpe","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2013). Vaccines and vaccination against yellow fever: WHO Position Paper\u2014June 2013 = Note de synth\u00e8se: Position de l\u2019OMS sur les vaccins et la vaccination contre la fi\u00e8vre jaune, juin 2013. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. = Relev. \u00c9pid\u00e9miol. Hebd., 88, 269\u2013283. Available online: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/242089."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"World Health Organization = Organisation Mondiale de la Sant\u00e9 (2022). Weekly Epidemiological Record, 2022, vol. 97, 32 [full issue]. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. = Relev. \u00c9pid\u00e9miol. Hebd., 97, 365\u2013380."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"World Health Organization = Organisation Mondiale de la Sant\u00e9 (2023). Weekly Epidemiological Record, 2023, vol. 98, 35 [full issue]. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. = Relev. \u00c9pid\u00e9miol. Hebd., 98, 375\u2013390. Available online: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/372801."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"World Health Organization = Organisation Mondiale de la Sant\u00e9 (2023). Weekly Epidemiological Record, 2023, vol. 98, 34 [full issue]. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. = Relev. \u00c9pid\u00e9miol. Hebd., 98, 365\u2013374."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2010.01.001","article-title":"Yellow Fever: A Reemerging Threat","volume":"30","author":"Gardner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1924","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.1924","article-title":"Assessment of the yellow fever outbreak in Angola from December 2015 through December 2016: A retrospective study","volume":"7","author":"Manuel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2024, December 06). Mosquito-Borne Diseases in Workers, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/outdoor-workers\/about\/mosquito-borne-diseases.html."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) (2024, December 06). Interim Guidance for Protecting Workers from Occupational Exposure to Zika Virus, Available online: https:\/\/www.osha.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OSHA3855.pdf."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"World Health Organization = Organisation mondiale de la Sant\u00e9 (2024). Weekly Epidemiological Record, 2024, vol. 99, 35 [full issue]. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. = Relev. \u00c9pid\u00e9miol. Hebd., 99, 457\u2013478. Available online: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/378642."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2024, December 06). Organisation Mondiale de la Sant\u00e9. Bureau de pays en R\u00e9publique Centrafricaine. OMS R\u00e9publique Centrafricaine Rapport Annuel. 2022, Available online: https:\/\/www.afro.who.int\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-06\/RAPPORT%20ANNUEL%202022%20OMS%20RCA.pdf."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2024.100185","article-title":"Occupational exposure to malaria, leishmaniasis and arbovirus vectors in endemic regions: A systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Msellemu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Parasitol. Vector-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihab089","article-title":"Lessons for strengthening childhood immunization in low- and middle-income countries from a successful public-private partnership in rural Nigeria","volume":"14","author":"Ahonkhai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001414","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-001414","article-title":"Private sector engagement and contributions to immunisation service delivery and coverage in Sudan","volume":"4","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gualano, M.R., Santoro, P.E., Borrelli, I., Rossi, M.F., Amantea, C., Tumminello, A., Daniele, A., Beccia, F., and Moscato, U. (2022). Employee Participation in Workplace Vaccination Campaigns: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10111898"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, December 06). Communication and Social Mobilization in Yellow Fever Mass Vaccination Campaigns: 10 Points from Field Experience. Available online: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/156053."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e014728","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2023-014728","article-title":"Private sector engagement for immunisation programmes: A pragmatic scoping review of 25 years of evidence on good practice in low-income and middle-income countries","volume":"8","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asempah, E., and Wiktorowicz, M.E. (2023). Understanding HPV Vaccination Policymaking in Rwanda: A Case of Health Prioritization and Public-Private-Partnership in a Low-Resource Setting. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3021450\/v1"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, December 06). The Private Sector, Universal Health Coverage and Primary Health Care. Available online: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/312248."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e010742","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2022-010742","article-title":"The role of the private sector in delivering essential packages of health services: Lessons from country experiences","volume":"8","author":"Siddiqi","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.05.069","article-title":"Reaching the unreached with polio vaccine and other child survival interventions through partnership with military in Angola","volume":"34","author":"Fekadu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Douine, M., Bonifay, T., Lambert, Y., Mutricy, L., Galindo, M.S., Godin, A., Bourhy, P., Picardeau, M., Saout, M., and Demar, M. (2022). Zoonoses and gold mining: A cross-sectional study to assess yellow fever immunization, Q fever, leptospirosis and leishmaniasis among the population working on illegal mining camps in French Guiana. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 16.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4053488"}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/12\/12\/1424\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:54:10Z","timestamp":1760115250000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/12\/12\/1424"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines12121424"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines12121424","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]}}}