{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T23:42:09Z","timestamp":1785195729194,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State Research Support Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["2023\/01758-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/01758-6"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State Research Support Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["2022\/08510-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/08510-7"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State Research Support Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["861"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["861"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State Research Support Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["880"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["880"]}]},{"name":"Call for Support for New Teachers from USP\u2014Edital PRPI","award":["2023\/01758-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/01758-6"]}]},{"name":"Call for Support for New Teachers from USP\u2014Edital PRPI","award":["2022\/08510-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/08510-7"]}]},{"name":"Call for Support for New Teachers from USP\u2014Edital PRPI","award":["861"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["861"]}]},{"name":"Call for Support for New Teachers from USP\u2014Edital PRPI","award":["880"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["880"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Vaccines are a significant public health achievement, which are crucial for child survival and disease control globally. In Brazil, the National Immunization Program (PNI) manages vaccination schedules, including essential vaccines like BCG and Hepatitis B, administered at birth. Despite achieving over 95% coverage for years, vaccination rates have declined since 2016, a trend exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to analyze spatial and temporal trends in BCG and Hepatitis B vaccination coverage at birth, identify areas with spatial variation in these trends, classify the identified trends, and investigate the pandemic\u2019s impact on vaccination adherence. Methods: This is an ecological study with real-world data from Brazil, focusing on vaccination coverage from 2014 to 2023. Utilizing the Spatial Variation in Temporal Trends (SVTT) technique, the study identifies municipalities\u2019 vaccination trends. It also employs time series analysis and Interrupted Time Series methods to evaluate the pandemic\u2019s impact on vaccination rates, using data from the PNI and the Information System on Live Births (SINASC). Results: Between January 2014 and December 2023, Brazil administered 25,902,207 doses of the BCG vaccine to children at birth, with 3911 municipalities (70.24%) showing declining trends, particularly in Florian\u00f3polis. Similarly, 22,962,434 doses of the Hepatitis B vaccine were administered, with 3284 municipalities also experiencing declines. Conclusions: It is crucial that public health policies be reevaluated to address regional disparities in vaccination coverage, particularly in more vulnerable areas. Focused interventions, such as awareness campaigns, improved access to vaccination services, and strengthened monitoring, are fundamental to reversing this trend.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12121434","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T04:07:40Z","timestamp":1734667660000},"page":"1434","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Vaccination Coverage at Birth in Brazil: Spatial and Temporal Trends in the Impact of COVID-19 on Uptake of BCG and Hepatitis B Vaccines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5596-0047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan Mathias","family":"Alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal-Infant and Public Health Nursing, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto College of Nursing, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4163-8719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tha\u00eds Zamboni","family":"Berra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal-Infant and Public Health Nursing, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto College of Nursing, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5378-6962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reginaldo Bazon Vaz","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal-Infant and Public Health Nursing, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto College of Nursing, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1891-1606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathalia","family":"Zini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal-Infant and Public Health Nursing, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto College of Nursing, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5796-4546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qu\u00e9zia Rosa","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal-Infant and Public Health Nursing, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto College of Nursing, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4115-3022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Licia Kellen de Almeida","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal-Infant and Public Health Nursing, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto College of Nursing, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2329-6268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ariela Fehr","family":"T\u00e1rtaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal-Infant and Public Health Nursing, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto College of Nursing, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Eduarda Pagano","family":"Pelodan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal-Infant and Public Health Nursing, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto College of Nursing, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz Fornaziero","family":"Vigato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal-Infant and Public Health Nursing, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto College of Nursing, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz Kuroda","family":"Silveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal-Infant and Public Health Nursing, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto College of Nursing, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Luiza Brasileiro Nato Marques","family":"Assump\u00e7\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal-Infant and Public Health Nursing, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto College of Nursing, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8111-4370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcela Antunes Paschoal","family":"Popolin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Department, Federal University of Tocantins, Palmas 77001-090, Tocantins, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia Abrah\u00e3o","family":"Curvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal-Infant and Public Health Nursing, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto College of Nursing, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3891-0080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Protti-Zanatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Department, Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos, S\u00e3o Carlos 13565-905, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5163-6821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Del Pilar","family":"Serrano-Gallardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Department, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4792-8714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo Alexandre","family":"Arc\u00eancio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal-Infant and Public Health Nursing, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto College of Nursing, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5220-4529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Fredemir","family":"Palha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal-Infant and Public Health Nursing, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto College of Nursing, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6585-2560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaqueline Garcia de Almeida","family":"Ballestero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal-Infant and Public Health Nursing, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto College of Nursing, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"337","article-title":"Vacina\u00e7\u00e3o contra poliomielite no Brasil de 2011 a 2021: Sucessos, reveses e desafios 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