{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T03:29:00Z","timestamp":1787887740100,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,22]],"date-time":"2024-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives. Research on respiratory virus immunity duration post-vaccination reveals variable outcomes. This study performed a literature review to assess the efficacy and longevity of immune protection post-vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), with a focus on immunocompromised populations. Specific objectives included examining humoral and cellular immune responses and exploring the impact of booster doses and hybrid immunity on extending protection. Methods. A literature review was conducted focusing on studies published from January 2014 to November 2024. The search targeted adaptive immunity post-vaccination, natural immunity, and hybrid immunity for SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and RSV. Selection criteria emphasized human populations, adaptive immunity outcomes, and immunocompromised individuals. The PICO framework guided the analysis, culminating in a detailed review of 30 studies. Results. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines exhibited robust initial antibody responses, which waned significantly within six months, necessitating frequent boosters. Influenza and RSV vaccines similarly showed declines in immunity, though some influenza vaccines demonstrated moderate durability. Hybrid immunity, arising from combined natural infection and vaccination, provided more resilient and lasting protection than vaccination alone, especially against emerging variants. Immunocompromised individuals consistently exhibited reduced durability in adaptive immune responses across all studied viruses. Challenges include rapid viral mutations, limiting the broad protection of current vaccines. Conclusions. Immune durability varies significantly across virus types and patient populations. Frequent boosters and hybrid immunity are critical to optimizing protection, particularly for vulnerable groups. The findings underscore the need for adaptable vaccination strategies and advancements in vaccine design to counter rapidly mutating respiratory pathogens effectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12121444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T04:33:29Z","timestamp":1734928409000},"page":"1444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Durability of Adaptive Immunity in Immunocompetent and Immunocompromised Patients Across Different Respiratory Viruses: RSV, Influenza, and SARS-CoV-2"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Achilleas","family":"Livieratos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 15238 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars Erik","family":"Schiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 0284 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charalambos","family":"Gogos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4289-9494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Akinosoglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University General Hospital of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2024, December 01). 2024\u20132025 Respiratory Disease Season Outlook: Qualitative Assessments, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) (2024, December 01). 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