{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:54:46Z","timestamp":1792806886390,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":182,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)","award":["AI158060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI158060"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043z4tv69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)","award":["AI150091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI150091"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043z4tv69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)","award":["AI143348"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI143348"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043z4tv69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)","award":["AI147499"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI147499"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043z4tv69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)","award":["AI143326"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI143326"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043z4tv69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)","award":["AI138764"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI138764"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043z4tv69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)","award":["AI124911"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI124911"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043z4tv69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)","award":["AI110902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI110902"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043z4tv69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)","award":["R43AI174383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R43AI174383"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043z4tv69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"TechImmune, LLC","award":["AI158060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI158060"]}]},{"name":"TechImmune, LLC","award":["AI150091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI150091"]}]},{"name":"TechImmune, LLC","award":["AI143348"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI143348"]}]},{"name":"TechImmune, LLC","award":["AI147499"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI147499"]}]},{"name":"TechImmune, LLC","award":["AI143326"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI143326"]}]},{"name":"TechImmune, LLC","award":["AI138764"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI138764"]}]},{"name":"TechImmune, LLC","award":["AI124911"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI124911"]}]},{"name":"TechImmune, LLC","award":["AI110902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI110902"]}]},{"name":"TechImmune, LLC","award":["R43AI174383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R43AI174383"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is in its sixth year and is being maintained by the inability of current spike-alone-based COVID-19 vaccines to prevent transmission leading to the continuous emergence of variants and sub-variants of concern (VOCs). This underscores the critical need for next-generation broad-spectrum pan-Coronavirus vaccines (pan-CoV vaccine) to break this cycle and end the pandemic. The development of a pan-CoV vaccine offering protection against a wide array of VOCs requires two key elements: (1) identifying protective antigens that are highly conserved between passed, current, and future VOCs; and (2) developing a safe and efficient antigen delivery system for induction of broad-based and long-lasting B- and T-cell immunity. This review will (1) present the current state of antigen delivery platforms involving a multifaceted approach, including bioinformatics, molecular and structural biology, immunology, and advanced computational methods; (2) discuss the challenges facing the development of safe and effective antigen delivery platforms; and (3) highlight the potential of nucleoside-modified mRNA encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNP) as the platform that is well suited to the needs of a next-generation pan-CoV vaccine, such as the ability to induce broad-based immunity and amenable to large-scale manufacturing to safely provide durable protective immunity against current and future Coronavirus threats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13010030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T12:37:19Z","timestamp":1735648639000},"page":"30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Antigen Delivery Platforms for Next-Generation Coronavirus Vaccines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Aziz A.","family":"Chentoufi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey B.","family":"Ulmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vaccines and Immunotherapies, TechImmune, LLC, University Lab Partners, Irvine, CA 92660, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lbachir","family":"BenMohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"},{"name":"Department of Vaccines and Immunotherapies, TechImmune, LLC, University Lab Partners, Irvine, CA 92660, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prakash, S., Srivastava, R., Coulon, P.G., Dhanushkodi, N.R., Chentoufi, A.A., Tifrea, D.F., Edwards, R.A., Figueroa, C.J., Schubl, S.D., and Hsieh, L. 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