{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T05:09:15Z","timestamp":1793423355062,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation","award":["056-00012-23-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["056-00012-23-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Influenza viruses with truncated NS1 proteins show promise as viral vectors and candidates for mucosal universal influenza vaccines. These mutant NS1 viruses, which lack the N-terminal half of the NS1 protein (124 a.a.), are unable to antagonise the innate immune response. This creates a self-adjuvant effect enhancing heterologous protection by inducing a robust CD8+ T-cell response together with immunoregulatory mechanisms. However, the effects of NS1 modifications on T-follicular helper (Tfh) and B-cell responses remain less understood. Methods: C57bl\/6 mice were immunised intranasally with 10 \u03bcL of either an influenza virus containing a truncated NS1 protein (PR8\/NS124), a cold-adapted influenza virus with a full-length NS1 (caPR8\/NSfull), or a wild-type virus (PR8\/NSfull). Immune responses were assessed on days 8 and 28 post-immunisation by flow cytometry, ELISA, and HAI assay. Results: In this study, we demonstrate that intranasal immunisation with PR8\/NS124 significantly increases tissue-resident CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the lungs and activates Tfh cells in regional lymph nodes as early as day 8 post-immunisation. These effects are not observed in mice immunised with caPR8\/NSfull or PR8\/NSfull. Notably, PR8\/NS124 immunisation also leads to the development of inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT) in the lungs by day 28, characterised by the presence of antigen-specific Tfh cells and GL7+Fas+ germinal centre B cells. Conclusions: Our findings further underscore the potential of NS1-truncated influenza viruses to drive robust mucosal immune responses and enhance vaccine efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13010058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T09:24:42Z","timestamp":1736501082000},"page":"58","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Truncated NS1 Influenza A Virus Induces a Robust Antigen-Specific Tissue-Resident T-Cell Response and Promotes Inducible Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Formation in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3685-7068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna-Polina","family":"Shurygina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Saint-Petersburg 197022, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7550-5519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Shuklina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Saint-Petersburg 197022, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9489-6095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Ozhereleva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Saint-Petersburg 197022, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7560-398X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Romanovskaya-Romanko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Saint-Petersburg 197022, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Kovaleva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Saint-Petersburg 197022, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrej","family":"Egorov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Saint-Petersburg 197022, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dmitry","family":"Lioznov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Saint-Petersburg 197022, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Stukova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Saint-Petersburg 197022, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2023, October 03). Influenza (Seasonal). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/News-Room\/Fact-Sheets\/Detail\/Influenza-(Seasonal)."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0002-y","article-title":"Influenza","volume":"4","author":"Krammer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-120617-041310","article-title":"Is a Universal Influenza Virus Vaccine Possible?","volume":"71","author":"Nachbagauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12706","article-title":"Meeting Report and Review: Immunological Assays and Correlates of Protection for next-Generation Influenza Vaccines","volume":"14","author":"Krammer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-020-0287-5","article-title":"Seasonal and Pandemic Influenza: 100 Years of Progress, Still Much to Learn","volume":"13","author":"Dunning","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2017.1377376","article-title":"Immune Responses after Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccination","volume":"14","author":"Mohn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.002","article-title":"Heterosubtypic Immunity to Influenza A Virus: Where Do We Stand?","volume":"10","author":"Grebe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.13.1677","article-title":"Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccination of Day Care Children in Reducing Influenza-Related Morbidity among Household Contacts","volume":"284","author":"Hurwitz","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.2015.979159","article-title":"Pandemic Preparedness with Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines Based on A\/Leningrad\/134\/17\/57 Master Donor Virus","volume":"14","author":"Rudenko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8053","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43842-7","article-title":"Early Mucosal Events Promote Distinct Mucosal and Systemic Antibody Responses to Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine","volume":"14","author":"Thwaites","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07748-8","article-title":"Immunological Memory Diversity in the Human Upper Airway","volume":"632","author":"Ramirez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2010.00183.x","article-title":"The Relative Efficacy of Trivalent Live Attenuated and Inactivated Influenza Vaccines in Children and Adults","volume":"5","author":"Ambrose","year":"2011","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respi. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.09.108","article-title":"Innate Immune Evasion Strategies of Influenza Viruses","volume":"5","author":"Hale","year":"2010","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasilyev, K., Shurygina, A.-P., Sergeeva, M., Stukova, M., and Egorov, A. (2021). Intranasal Immunization with the Influenza A Virus Encoding Truncated NS1 Protein Protects Mice from Heterologous Challenge by Restraining the Inflammatory Response in the Lungs. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9040690"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13037","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.23.13037-13045.2004","article-title":"Immunogenicity and Protection Efficacy of Replication-Deficient Influenza A Viruses with Altered NS1 Genes","volume":"78","author":"Ferko","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romanova, J., Krenn, B.M., Wolschek, M., Ferko, B., Romanovskaja-Romanko, E., Morokutti, A., Shurygina, A.-P., Nakowitsch, S., Ruthsatz, T., and Kiefmann, B. (2009). Preclinical Evaluation of a Replication-Deficient Intranasal \u0394NS1 H5N1 Influenza Vaccine. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005984"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"48","article-title":"Enhancement of the Immunogenicity of Influenza A Virus by the Inhibition of Immunosuppressive Function of NS1 Protein","volume":"5","author":"Vasilyev","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiol. Indep. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prokopenko, P., Matyushenko, V., Rak, A., Stepanova, E., Chistyakova, A., Goshina, A., Kudryavtsev, I., Rudenko, L., and Isakova-Sivak, I. (2023). Truncation of NS1 Protein Enhances T Cell-Mediated Cross-Protection of a Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine Virus Expressing Wild-Type Nucleoprotein. Vaccines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11030501"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02180-19","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02180-19","article-title":"Generation of DelNS1 Influenza Viruses: A Strategy for Optimizing Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"19","article-title":"Peculiarities of Obtaining and Characterization of a Cold-Adapted A\/PR\/8\/34 Influenza Virus Variant","volume":"28","author":"AYu","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Virol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8899","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.19.8899-8908.2001","article-title":"Hyperattenuated Recombinant Influenza A Virus Nonstructural-Protein-Encoding Vectors Induce Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Nef-Specific Systemic and Mucosal Immune Responses in Mice","volume":"75","author":"Ferko","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a118408","article-title":"A Simple Method Of Estimating Fifty Percent Endpoints","volume":"27","author":"Reed","year":"1938","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shurygina, A.-P., Zabolotnykh, N., Vinogradova, T., Khairullin, B., Kassenov, M., Nurpeisova, A., Sarsenbayeva, G., Sansyzbay, A., Vasilyev, K., and Buzitskaya, J. (2023). Preclinical Evaluation of TB\/FLU-04L-An Intranasal Influenza Vector-Based Boost Vaccine against Tuberculosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24087439"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaam6970","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aam6970","article-title":"Resident Memory CD8+ T Cells in the Upper Respiratory Tract Prevent Pulmonary Influenza Virus Infection","volume":"2","author":"Pizzolla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2024.101397","article-title":"Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells in Protective Immunity to Influenza Virus","volume":"65","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines3020373","article-title":"Influenza Vaccination Strategies: Comparing Inactivated and Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines","volume":"3","author":"Sridhar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00414-16","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00414-16","article-title":"Comparisons of the Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses Induced by Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine and Inactivated Influenza Vaccine in Adults","volume":"24","author":"Hoft","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2006.01.010","article-title":"Vaccine Potential of Influenza Vectors Expressing Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ESAT-6 Protein","volume":"86","author":"Stukova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sergeeva, M., Romanovskaya-Romanko, E., Zabolotnyh, N., Pulkina, A., Vasilyev, K., Shurigina, A.P., Buzitskaya, J., Zabrodskaya, Y., Fadeev, A., and Vasin, A. (2021). Mucosal Influenza Vector Vaccine Carrying TB10.4 and HspX Antigens Provides Protection against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in Mice and Guinea Pigs. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9040394"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pulkina, A., Vasilyev, K., Muzhikyan, A., Sergeeva, M., Romanovskaya-Romanko, E., Shurygina, A.-P., Shuklina, M., Vasin, A., Stukova, M., and Egorov, A. (2023). IgG\u03ba Signal Peptide Enhances the Efficacy of an Influenza Vector Vaccine against Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411445"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(22)00131-X","article-title":"Safety and Immunogenicity of a Live-Attenuated Influenza Virus Vector-Based Intranasal SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Adults: Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 1 and 2 Trials","volume":"10","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(23)00349-1","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of the Intranasal Spray SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine DNS1-RBD: A Multicentre, Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 3 Trial","volume":"11","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6437","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.8.6437-6441.1998","article-title":"Transfectant Influenza A Viruses with Long Deletions in the NS1 Protein Grow Efficiently in Vero Cells","volume":"72","author":"Egorov","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1998.9508","article-title":"Influenza A Virus Lacking the NS1 Gene Replicates in Interferon-Deficient Systems","volume":"252","author":"Egorov","year":"1998","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1086\/649428","article-title":"A Novel Type of Influenza Vaccine: Safety and Immunogenicity of Replication-Deficient Influenza Virus Created by Deletion of the Interferon Antagonist NS1","volume":"201","author":"Wacheck","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.80422-0","article-title":"Influenza A Mutant Viruses with Altered NS1 Protein Function Provoke Caspase-1 Activation in Primary Human Macrophages, Resulting in Fast Apoptosis and Release of High Levels of Interleukins 1\u03b2 and 18","volume":"86","author":"Stasakova","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kandasamy, M., Suryawanshi, A., Tundup, S., Perez, J.T., Schmolke, M., Manicassamy, S., and Manicassamy, B. (2016). RIG-I Signaling Is Critical for Efficient Polyfunctional T Cell Responses during Influenza Virus Infection. PLoS Pathog., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005754"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-018-0069-1","article-title":"Augmented CD4+ T-Cell and Humoral Responses after Repeated Annual Influenza Vaccination with the Same Vaccine Component A\/H1N1pdm09 over 5 Years","volume":"3","author":"Trieu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Npj Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.04.011","article-title":"T Follicular Helper Cell Biology: A Decade of Discovery and Diseases","volume":"50","author":"Crotty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1736-6_3","article-title":"Circulating T Follicular Helper Subsets in Human Blood","volume":"2380","author":"Iwamoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20161794","article-title":"Vaccination Establishes Clonal Relatives of Germinal Center T Cells in the Blood of Humans","volume":"214","author":"Heit","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.09.007","article-title":"Circulating Precursor CCR7(Lo)PD-1(Hi) CXCR5+ CD4+ T Cells Indicate Tfh Cell Activity and Promote Antibody Responses upon Antigen Reexposure","volume":"39","author":"He","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabb6808","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abb6808","article-title":"T Resident Helper Cells Promote Humoral Responses in the Lung","volume":"6","author":"Swarnalekha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1311-5_7","article-title":"Analysis of T-Cells in Inflamed Nonlymphoid Tissues","volume":"2285","author":"Bauer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, H.-X., Esterbauer, R., Vanderven, H.A., Juno, J.A., Kent, S.J., and Wheatley, A.K. (2019). Inducible Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissues (IBALT) Serve as Sites of B Cell Selection and Maturation Following Influenza Infection in Mice. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00611"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20142284","article-title":"Distinct Germinal Center Selection at Local Sites Shapes Memory B Cell Response to Viral Escape","volume":"212","author":"Adachi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176ra32","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3005191","article-title":"Induction of ICOS+CXCR3+CXCR5+ TH Cells Correlates with Antibody Responses to Influenza Vaccination","volume":"5","author":"Bentebibel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sircy, L.M., Ramstead, A.G., Gibbs, L.C., Joshi, H., Baessler, A., Mena, I., Garc\u00eda-Sastre, A., Emerson, L.L., Fairfax, K.C., and Williams, M.A. (2024). Generation of Antigen-Specific Memory CD4 T Cells by Heterologous Immunization Enhances the Magnitude of the Germinal Center Response upon Influenza Infection. PLoS Pathog., 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011639"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00659-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00659-18","article-title":"Frequencies of Circulating Th1-Biased T Follicular Helper Cells in Acute HIV-1 Infection Correlate with the Development of HIV-Specific Antibody Responses and Lower Set Point Viral Load","volume":"92","author":"Baiyegunhi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.038","article-title":"Antigen-Specific Adaptive Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in Acute COVID-19 and Associations with Age and Disease Severity","volume":"183","author":"Ramirez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/25785826.2020.1776079","article-title":"T Follicular Helper Cell Subsets: A Potential Key Player in Autoimmunity","volume":"44","author":"Kurata","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunol. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14639","article-title":"Roles of Follicular Helper and Regulatory T Cells in Allergic Diseases and Allergen Immunotherapy","volume":"76","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e82217","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.82217","article-title":"T Follicular Helper 17 (Tfh17) Cells Are Superior for Immunological Memory Maintenance","volume":"12","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"eLife"}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/13\/1\/58\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:26:35Z","timestamp":1759919195000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/13\/1\/58"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines13010058"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines13010058","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]}}}