{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T23:48:37Z","timestamp":1793144917047,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,18]],"date-time":"2025-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scottish Government Rural"},{"name":"Environment Science"},{"name":"Analytical Services (RESAS)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objective: Chlamydia abortus, the cause of ovine enzootic abortion, is a zoonotic bacterial pathogen and one of the most infectious causes of foetal death in sheep worldwide. Although the disease can be controlled using commercial inactivated and live whole-organism vaccines, there are issues with both, particularly concerning efficacy and safety. Recently, we have described the development of a new COMC (chlamydial outer membrane complex) vaccine based on a detergent-extracted outer membrane protein preparation of the pathogen, which can be delivered in a single inoculation and is both efficacious and safe. Methods: In this study, we have evaluated the COMC vaccine further in a dose\u2013response titration of the chlamydial antigen content of the vaccine (from 20 to 2.5 \u00b5g in seven experimental groups) using an established pregnant sheep challenge model. Results: No obvious dose\u2013response relationship was observed across the groups, with a single abortion event occurring in four of the groups and three in the lowest dose group (2.5 \u00b5g). No abortions occurred in the 15 and 10 \u00b5g groups. The abortion rates (0\u201314%) were significantly below that of the challenge control group (33%). A similar reduction in bacterial shedding of infectious organisms following parturition was observed in the vaccinated groups compared to the challenge control group, which is important in terms of reducing potential transmission to naive animals. Conclusions: The results show that a dose of 10 \u00b5g antigen in the vaccine will be optimal in terms of maximising efficacy, reducing shedding at parturition, and ensuring it is cost-effective to produce for commercial manufacture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13010089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T08:46:26Z","timestamp":1737449186000},"page":"89","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Protective Efficacy of Decreasing Antigen Doses of a Chlamydia abortus Subcellular Vaccine Against Ovine Enzootic Abortion in a Pregnant Sheep Challenge Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2747-851X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morag","family":"Livingstone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Aitchison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0162-669X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Palarea-Albaladejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2831-834X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Ciampi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare","family":"Underwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"Paladino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9962-446X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Chianini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8822-2331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary","family":"Entrican","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2218-5144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean Ranjan","family":"Wattegedera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0086-8443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Longbottom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.62.17.251","article-title":"Enzootic abortion in ewes; transmission of the disease","volume":"62","author":"Stamp","year":"1950","journal-title":"Vet. 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