{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T01:38:56Z","timestamp":1767836336421,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Immune system impairment is frequently reported in patients affected by hemoglobinopathies due to various mechanisms, including iron accumulation, antigenic stimulation due to numerous transfusions, chronic hemolysis, and a general hyperinflammatory state. For these reasons, the antigenic immune response after a vaccine risks being ineffective. Methods: We evaluated the anti-spike IgG production after two doses of vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 in patients affected by hemoglobinopathies. Results: All 114 enrolled patients (100%) developed adequate antibody production, with a median value of serum IgG of 2184.4 BAU\/mL (IQR 1127.4\u20133502.9). The amount of antibody was unrelated to any other clinical characteristics evaluated, including transfusion dependence or non-transfusion dependence, age, gender, disease type, ferritin, blood count, spleen status, and therapy with hydroxyurea or iron chelators (in all the cases p &gt; 0.05). Moreover, 47 (41.2%) patients developed breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection during the first 2 years of follow-up after vaccination, all with a mildly symptomatic course, without requiring hospitalization or experiencing a significative drop in hemoglobin values, allowing for a slight delay in their transfusion regimen. Conclusion: Vaccination against COVID-19 is safe and effective for patients affected by hemoglobinopathies, ensuring adequate protection from severe infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13020111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T04:54:31Z","timestamp":1737608071000},"page":"111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Immune Response and Breakthrough Infection Risk After SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines in Patients with Hemoglobinopathy: A Single Center Experience"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9510-4755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Duminuco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology Unit with BMT, A.O.U. Policlinico \u201cG. Rodolico\u2014San Marco\u201d, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Bulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thalassemia Unit, A.O.U. Policlinico \u201cG. Rodolico\u2014San Marco\u201d, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosamaria","family":"Rosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thalassemia Unit, A.O.U. Policlinico \u201cG. Rodolico\u2014San Marco\u201d, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Anna","family":"Romeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thalassemia Unit, A.O.U. Policlinico \u201cG. Rodolico\u2014San Marco\u201d, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Cambria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology Unit with BMT, A.O.U. Policlinico \u201cG. Rodolico\u2014San Marco\u201d, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"La Spina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology Unit with BMT, A.O.U. Policlinico \u201cG. Rodolico\u2014San Marco\u201d, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benedetta","family":"Ximenes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thalassemia Unit, A.O.U. Policlinico \u201cG. Rodolico\u2014San Marco\u201d, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cesarina","family":"Giallongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate \u201cG.F. Ingrassia\u201d, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4416-8556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Tibullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologiche, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6333-4433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology Unit with BMT, A.O.U. Policlinico \u201cG. Rodolico\u2014San Marco\u201d, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Specialit\u00e0 Medico-Chirurgiche, CHIRMED, Sezione di Ematologia, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco Di","family":"Raimondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology Unit with BMT, A.O.U. Policlinico \u201cG. Rodolico\u2014San Marco\u201d, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Specialit\u00e0 Medico-Chirurgiche, CHIRMED, Sezione di Ematologia, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1859-6319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe A.","family":"Palumbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thalassemia Unit, A.O.U. Policlinico \u201cG. Rodolico\u2014San Marco\u201d, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate \u201cG.F. Ingrassia\u201d, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1182\/hematology.2021000313","article-title":"\u03b2-Thalassemia: Evolving Treatment Options beyond Transfusion and Iron Chelation","volume":"2021","author":"Langer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1532-429X-10-42","article-title":"Improved Survival of Thalassaemia Major in the UK and Relation to T2* Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance","volume":"10","author":"Modell","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. 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