{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T10:28:43Z","timestamp":1786703323791,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico\u2014CNPq","award":["313108\/2022-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["313108\/2022-6"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico\u2014CNPq","award":["88887.885815\/2023-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.885815\/2023-00"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico\u2014CNPq","award":["RED-00104-22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RED-00104-22"]}]},{"name":"Chamada n\u00ba 08\/2023\u2014CAPES\/PrInt-Fiocruz","award":["313108\/2022-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["313108\/2022-6"]}]},{"name":"Chamada n\u00ba 08\/2023\u2014CAPES\/PrInt-Fiocruz","award":["88887.885815\/2023-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.885815\/2023-00"]}]},{"name":"Chamada n\u00ba 08\/2023\u2014CAPES\/PrInt-Fiocruz","award":["RED-00104-22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RED-00104-22"]}]},{"name":"CHAMADA FAPEMIG 07\/2021 Redes de Pesquisa Cientifica e Desenvolvimento Tecnologico com Foco em Demandas Estrategicas","award":["313108\/2022-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["313108\/2022-6"]}]},{"name":"CHAMADA FAPEMIG 07\/2021 Redes de Pesquisa Cientifica e Desenvolvimento Tecnologico com Foco em Demandas Estrategicas","award":["88887.885815\/2023-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.885815\/2023-00"]}]},{"name":"CHAMADA FAPEMIG 07\/2021 Redes de Pesquisa Cientifica e Desenvolvimento Tecnologico com Foco em Demandas Estrategicas","award":["RED-00104-22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RED-00104-22"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The need for innovative cancer treatments has brought immunotherapies to the forefront as a promising approach, with therapeutic vaccines demonstrating the potential to mobilize immune cells to eliminate tumor cells. However, challenges such as genetic variability among patients, immune evasion mechanisms, and disease relapse contribute to the complexity of achieving an ideal therapy, especially for hematological cancers. This review systematically identifies and analyzes recent studies focused on the development of therapeutic immunotherapy vaccines, examining critical aspects such as development stages, key assays for therapeutic validation, treatment outcomes, and study limitations. Methods: A scoping review was conducted following the PRISMA extension guidelines (PRISMA-ScR). Literature searches were conducted across Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct databases using keywords including \u201cimmunotherapy\u201d, \u201cvaccines\u201d, \u201cimmunization\u201d, \u201chematological malignancies\u201d, \u201cblood cancer\u201d, \u201chematopoietic neoplasms\u201d, and \u201cleukemia\u201d. Results: A total of 56 articles published from 2013 to 2024 were included in the analysis. The majority of studies are in the preclinical stage, with some advancing to phase 1 and phase 2 clinical trials. Acute myeloid leukemia emerged as the most frequently studied malignancy. While first- and second-generation vaccines dominate the field, innovative approaches, such as dendritic-cell-based vaccines and mRNA vaccines, are gaining prominence. Notably, preclinical models often demonstrate superior outcomes compared to clinical trials, as results observed in animal models are not fully replicated in human studies. Conclusions: Despite challenges related to disease progression and patient loss, the studies reviewed highlight significant advancements in patient prognosis, emphasizing the potential of novel therapeutic vaccines as an effective alternative for the treatment of hematological cancers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13020114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T04:54:31Z","timestamp":1737608071000},"page":"114","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Therapeutic Vaccines for Hematological Cancers: A Scoping Review of This Immunotherapeutic Approach as Alternative to the Treatment of These Malignancies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2071-0344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando Augusto Siqueira","family":"Mathias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Inform\u00e1tica de Biossistemas, Instituto Ren\u00e9 Rachou, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte 30190-002, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Gabriela Reis","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Inform\u00e1tica de Biossistemas, Instituto Ren\u00e9 Rachou, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte 30190-002, Brazil"},{"name":"Biologia Computacional e Sistemas (BCS), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1361-9721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeronimo Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Inform\u00e1tica de Biossistemas, Instituto Ren\u00e9 Rachou, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte 30190-002, Brazil"},{"name":"Biologia Computacional e Sistemas (BCS), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-023-00853-3","article-title":"Global Burden of Hematologic Malignancies and Evolution Patterns over the Past 30 Years","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Dieguez, G., Ferro, C., and Rotter, D. 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