{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T03:58:11Z","timestamp":1790827091803,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico (CNPq)","award":["203.426\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203.426\/2023"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior (CAPES)","award":["203.426\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203.426\/2023"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ)","award":["203.426\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203.426\/2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The total lysate of Leishmania amazonensis (LaAg) is one of the most extensively studied vaccine formulations against leishmaniasis. Despite demonstrating safety and immunogenicity when administered intramuscularly, LaAg has failed to show efficacy in clinical trials and, in some cases, has even been associated with an enhanced susceptibility to infection. Adjuvants, which are molecules or compounds added to antigens to enhance the immunogenicity or modulate the immune response, are frequently employed in vaccine studies. This study aimed to evaluate different adjuvants to improve the protective efficacy of LaAg in L.amazonensis infection using a BALB\/c mouse model. Methods: BALB\/c mice were immunized with LaAg in combination with various adjuvants. The delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) test was assessed by measuring the infected paw and was used to evaluate the immunogenicity and to determine the most effective adjuvant. The immune response was analyzed through flow cytometry, focusing on cytokine production, immune cell recruitment and lesion size, alongside the control of parasite load at the infection site. The expression levels of iNOS and TGF-\u03b2 were quantified using RT-qPCR, while IgG1, IgG2a and IgE antibody levels were determined via ELISA. Results: Among the adjuvants tested, only saponin (SAP) elicited a significant DTH response following LaAg challenge. SAP enhanced the immunogenicity of LaAg, as evidenced by increased IFN-\u03b3-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the draining lymph nodes at 18 h post-challenge. Additionally, SAP facilitated the recruitment of lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils to the infection site. Conclusions: The LaAg + SAP combination conferred partial protection, as demonstrated by a reduction in lesion size and the partial control of parasite load. In conclusion, the addition of SAP as an adjuvant to LaAg effectively modulates the immune response, enhancing the vaccine\u2019s protective efficacy. These findings provide valuable insights into the development of improved vaccines against L.amazonensis infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13020129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T04:59:10Z","timestamp":1737953950000},"page":"129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Efficacy of LaAg Vaccine Associated with Saponin Against Leishmania amazonensis Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mirian Fran\u00e7a","family":"de Mello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunobiotecnologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo G\u00f3es, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia de Almeida","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunobiotecnologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo G\u00f3es, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunologia Cl\u00ednica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8283-3369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pollyanna Stephanie","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunobiotecnologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo G\u00f3es, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunologia Cl\u00ednica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Oliveira-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunobiotecnologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo G\u00f3es, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique Pacheco Duarte","family":"Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunobiotecnologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo G\u00f3es, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunologia Cl\u00ednica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadeu Diniz","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunobiotecnologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo G\u00f3es, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunologia Cl\u00ednica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana Elena","family":"Silveira Pratti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunobiotecnologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo G\u00f3es, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Peralva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas M\u00e9dicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8971-8163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luan","family":"Firmino-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunobiotecnologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo G\u00f3es, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunologia Cl\u00ednica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7455-2447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alda Maria","family":"Da-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas M\u00e9dicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5877-0137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciana","family":"Covre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunobiologia, N\u00facleo de Doen\u00e7as Infecciosas\/N\u00facleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Esp\u00edrito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria 29047-105, ES, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Cla\u00fadio Oliveira","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunobiologia, N\u00facleo de Doen\u00e7as Infecciosas\/N\u00facleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Esp\u00edrito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria 29047-105, ES, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bartira","family":"Rossi-Bergmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto de Biof\u00edsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo Fonseca","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas M\u00e9dicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra Marcia","family":"da Fonseca-Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunobiotecnologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo G\u00f3es, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunologia Cl\u00ednica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herbert Leonel","family":"de Matos Guedes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunobiotecnologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo G\u00f3es, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunologia Cl\u00ednica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31204-2","article-title":"Leishmaniasis","volume":"392","author":"Burza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"WHO (2023). 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Oswaldo Cruz."}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/13\/2\/129\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:37:05Z","timestamp":1759919825000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/13\/2\/129"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines13020129"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines13020129","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]}}}