{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T19:55:26Z","timestamp":1788292526414,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian Government","award":["79533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["79533"]}]},{"name":"Baker Foundation","award":["79533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["79533"]}]},{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","award":["79533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["79533"]}]},{"name":"Drakensberg Trust","award":["79533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["79533"]}]},{"name":"University of Melbourne Human Rights Scholarship","award":["79533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["79533"]}]},{"name":"Burnet Institute","award":["79533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["79533"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Immunization coverage varies across Papua New Guinea. In East New Britain (ENB) Province in 2022, only 65.5% and 50.2% of children under one year received their first dose of pentavalent (DTP1) and measles\u2013rubella (MR1) vaccine, respectively. This study aimed to examine barriers and enablers to routine immunization in areas of un(der)-vaccination in ENB. Methods: A face-to-face survey was conducted with caregivers of children aged 12\u201323 months in ENB. We used Poisson regression to calculate incidence rate ratios (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for factors associated with timely receipt of DTP1 or MR1 vaccines, defined as a child who was vaccinated between \u20132 and +30 days of the vaccine schedule. Delayed receipt is defined as a child who was vaccinated &gt;30 days from the recommended due date. Results: Among 237 caregivers surveyed, 59.9% of children were vaccinated within the \u201ctimely\u201d window for DTP1 and 34.1% for MR1. Timely DTP1 receipt was associated with a facility-based birth (IRR:1.93; 95% CI: 1.10\u20133.38) and trusting healthcare workers \u201cvery much\u201d, compared to \u201ca little or moderately\u201d (IRR:1.53; 95% CI: 1.17\u20131.99). For MR1, the caregiver having completed tertiary\/vocational education (IRR:1.79; 95% CI: 1.15\u20132.78), reporting taking a child to be vaccinated is affordable (IRR:1.52; 95% CI: 1.04\u20132.22), and healthcare workers explaining immunization services and answering associated questions (IRR:1.68; 95% CI: 1.18\u20132.41) were associated with timely vaccination. Conclusions: Activities to improve timely vaccination in ENB could include strengthening healthcare worker interpersonal communication skills to optimize trust and incentivizing women to give birth in a health facility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13020156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T08:25:23Z","timestamp":1738657523000},"page":"156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Factors Associated with Timely First-Dose Pentavalent and Measles\u2013Rubella Vaccination: A Cross-Sectional Study in East New Britain, Papua New Guinea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8479-1855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milena","family":"Dalton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, 161 Barry St, Carlton, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Pomat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka P.O. Box 60, Papua New Guinea"},{"name":"Kirby Institute, Wallace Wurth Building, High St, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7624-5691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margie","family":"Danchin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, 161 Barry St, Carlton, VIC 3010, Australia"},{"name":"Vaccine Uptake Group, Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of General Medicine, The Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline S. E.","family":"Homer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, 161 Barry St, Carlton, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Sanderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Kiromat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East New Britain Provincial Health Authority, Butuwin, Kokopo P.O. Box 714, Papua New Guinea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leanne J.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia"},{"name":"Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka P.O. Box 60, Papua New Guinea"},{"name":"The School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1417-1524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle J. L.","family":"Scoullar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pele","family":"Melepia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East New Britain Provincial Health Authority, Butuwin, Kokopo P.O. Box 714, Papua New Guinea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0964-805X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moses","family":"Laman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Boroko, National Capital District 111, Kokopo P.O. Box 60, Papua New Guinea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah A.","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnet Institute, Section 90, Lot 1 Takubar, Kokopo P.O. Box 1458, Papua New Guinea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elsie","family":"Stanley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East New Britain Provincial Health Authority, Butuwin, Kokopo P.O. Box 714, Papua New Guinea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Waramin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Papua New Guinea National Department of Health, Aopi Building Centre, Waigani Dr, National Capital District 121, Port Moresby P.O. Box 807, Papua New Guinea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5170-4110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanie","family":"Vaccher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, August 01). Immunization. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/facts-in-pictures\/detail\/immunization."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, August 01). Vaccines and Immunization. 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J."}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/13\/2\/156\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:26:45Z","timestamp":1760027205000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/13\/2\/156"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines13020156"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines13020156","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]}}}