{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:13:28Z","timestamp":1792790008854,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]],"date-time":"2025-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pfizer Inc"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is a global health threat with an unpredictable epidemiology that varies regionally and over time. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance Consortium reported widespread reductions in bacterial diseases transmitted via the respiratory route, including IMD, that were associated with the stringency of COVID-19 measures implemented in each country. Here, we report the epidemiology of IMD from the United States, England, France, Australia, and Chile during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. There was a consistent trend in which IMD incidence declined throughout 2020 and into 2021 but began to increase in 2021 (England and Chile) or 2022 (United States, France, and Australia). Case numbers of IMD in France and the United States surpassed pre-pandemic levels by December 2022 and 2023, respectively, whereas in other countries examined, overall cases in 2021\/2022 or 2023 approached but did not exceed pre-pandemic levels. Except for the United States, meningococcal serogroup B was the prominent serogroup of post-pandemic re-emergence, although substantial increases in serogroup Y and W disease in France in 2022 and serogroup W disease in Chile in 2023 were also observed. In the United States, where meningococcal vaccination coverage did not decline during the pandemic, the rebound in cases was predominantly due to serogroups C, Y, and nongroupable serogroups. The data indicate that surveillance of IMD cases, associated serogroups, and vaccination uptake is essential for monitoring the effectiveness of disease prevention strategies and guiding future public health policy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13020165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T04:44:03Z","timestamp":1739162643000},"page":"165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Invasive Meningococcal Disease in the Post-COVID World: Patterns of Disease Rebound"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jamie","family":"Findlow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pfizer Global Medical Affairs, Vaccines and Antivirals, Pfizer Ltd, Tadworth KT20 7NS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myint Tin Tin","family":"Htar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pfizer Global Medical Affairs, Vaccines and Antivirals, Pfizer Inc, 75014 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7829-1387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodolfo","family":"Villena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Infectious Disease Unit, Hospital de Ni\u00f1os Dr. Exequiel Gonz\u00e1lez Cort\u00e9s, Santiago 8900000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Balmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pfizer Global Medical Affairs, Vaccines and Antivirals, Pfizer Inc, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-015-0524-6","article-title":"Invasive meningococcal disease in the 21st century-an update for the clinician","volume":"15","author":"Dwilow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.04.020","article-title":"Case fatality rates of invasive meningococcal disease by serogroup and age: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-018-0213-2","article-title":"Systematic review of invasive meningococcal disease: Sequelae and quality of life impact on patients and their caregivers","volume":"7","author":"Olbrich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Ther."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, J., Begum, N., Ruiz-Garcia, Y., Martinon-Torres, F., Bekkat-Berkani, R., and Meszaros, K. (2022). Range of invasive meningococcal disease sequelae and health economic application\u2014A systematic and clinical review. BMC Public Health, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13342-2"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators (2022). Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet, 400, 2221\u20132248."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e57","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268823000328","article-title":"Epidemiology of invasive meningococcal disease worldwide from 2010\u20132019: A literature review","volume":"151","author":"Findlow","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e360","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(21)00077-7","article-title":"Changes in the incidence of invasive disease due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis during the COVID-19 pandemic in 26 countries and territories in the Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance Initiative: A prospective analysis of surveillance data","volume":"3","author":"Brueggemann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Digit. Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2022.100497","article-title":"Trends in pediatric ambulatory community acquired infections before and during COVID-19 pandemic: A prospective multicentric surveillance study in France","volume":"22","author":"Cohen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Eur."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2021.05.004","article-title":"Pediatric Infectious Disease Group (GPIP) position paper on the immune debt of the COVID-19 pandemic in childhood, how can we fill the immunity gap?","volume":"51","author":"Cohen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Dis. Now."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2218959","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.18959","article-title":"Association of nonpharmaceutical interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic with invasive pneumococcal disease, pneumococcal carriage, and respiratory viral infections among children in France","volume":"5","author":"Rybak","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.02.005","article-title":"Indirect positive health outcomes of COVID-19: A systematic review","volume":"218","author":"Gebeyehu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villena, R., Safadi, M.A., Gentile, A., Pujadas, M., De la Maza, V., George, S., and Torres, J.P. (2023). Epidemiology of meningococcal disease in four South American countries and rationale of vaccination in adolescents from the region: Position paper of the Latin American Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (SLIPE). Vaccines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11121841"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.11.016","article-title":"Surveillance and control of meningococcal disease in the COVID-19 era: A Global Meningococcal Initiative review","volume":"84","author":"Alderson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2709.204866","article-title":"Invasive meningococcal disease, 2011\u20132020, and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, England","volume":"27","author":"Subbarao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taha, M.K., and Deghmane, A.E. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic and the lockdown on invasive meningococcal disease. BMC Res. Notes, 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-020-05241-9"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e582","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(23)00108-5","article-title":"Trends in invasive bacterial diseases during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic: Analyses of prospective surveillance data from 30 countries and territories in the IRIS Consortium","volume":"5","author":"Shaw","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01337-4","article-title":"Estimating global and regional disruptions to routine childhood vaccine coverage during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020: A modelling study","volume":"398","author":"Causey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2025, January 22). National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS), Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nndss\/."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2024, November 01). Meningococcal Disease: Surveillance and Trends, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/meningococcal\/php\/surveillance\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"UK Health Security Agency (2025, January 22). Invasive Meningococcal Disease in England: Annual Laboratory Confirmed Reports for Epidemiological Year 2020 to 2021, Available online: https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/1049331\/hpr0122-IMD-ann__1_.pdf."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2025, January 22). UK Health and Security Agency, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/organisations\/uk-health-security-agency."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Sant\u00e9 Publique France (2025, January 22). Invasive Meningococcal Disease in France in 2022. Available online: https:\/\/www.santepubliquefrance.fr\/maladies-et-traumatismes\/maladies-a-prevention-vaccinale\/infections-invasives-a-meningocoque\/documents\/bulletin-national2\/infections-invasives-a-meningocoque-en-france-en-2022."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care (2025, January 22). National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System, Available online: https:\/\/nindss.health.gov.au\/pbi-dashboard\/."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care (2025, January 22). Australian Meningococcal Surveillance Programme (AMSP) annual reports, Available online: https:\/\/www1.health.gov.au\/internet\/main\/publishing.nsf\/Content\/cda-pubs-annlrpt-menganrep.htm."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Institute of Public Health of Chile (2025, January 22). Laboratory Surveillance Results Report Invasive Disease Neisseria meningitidis; Chile, 2023. Available online: https:\/\/www.ispch.cl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Informe-Neisseria-meningitidis-SE-1-52-2023_08febrero2024.pdf."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1002\/wmh3.350","article-title":"Statewide COVID-19 stay-at-home orders and population mobility in the United States","volume":"12","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Med. Health Policy"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yakusheva, O., van den Broek-Altenburg, E., Brekke, G., and Atherly, A. (2022). Lives saved and lost in the first six month of the US COVID-19 pandemic: A retrospective cost-benefit analysis. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261759"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2025, January 22). Enhanced Meningococcal Disease Surveillance Report, Available online: https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/49452."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2025, January 22). Enhanced Meningococcal Disease Surveillance Report, Available online: https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/75419."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2025, January 22). Enhanced Meningococcal Disease Surveillance Report, Available online: https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/111348."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2025, January 22). Enhanced Meningococcal Disease Surveillance Report, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/meningococcal\/downloads\/NCIRD-EMS-Report-2019.pdf."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2025, January 22). Enhanced Meningococcal Disease Surveillance Report, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/meningococcal\/downloads\/NCIRD-EMS-Report-2020.pdf."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2025, January 22). Enhanced Meningococcal Disease Surveillance Report, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/meningococcal\/downloads\/NCIRD-EMS-Report-2021.pdf."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2025, January 22). Enhanced Meningococcal Disease Surveillance Report, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/meningococcal\/downloads\/NCIRD-EMS-Report-2022-508.pdf."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2025, January 22). Vaccines and Immunizations: About Meningococcal Vaccines, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vaccines\/vpd\/mening\/hcp\/about-vaccine.html."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2024, July 10). Increase in Invasive Serogroup Y Meningococcal Disease in the United States, Available online: https:\/\/emergency.cdc.gov\/han\/2024\/han00505.asp."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2025, January 22). Public Health Strategies for Antibiotic-Resistant Neisseria Meningitidis, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/meningococcal\/php\/antibiotic-resistant\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2025, January 22). Meningococcal Vaccination, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/meningococcal\/hcp\/vaccine-recommendations\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6833a2","article-title":"National, regional, state, and selected local area vaccination coverage among adolescents aged 13\u201317 years\u2014United States, 2018","volume":"68","author":"Walker","year":"2019","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7035a1","article-title":"National, regional, state, and selected local area vaccination coverage among adolescents aged 13\u201317 years\u2014United States, 2020","volume":"70","author":"Pingali","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7234a3","article-title":"Vaccination coverage among adolescents aged 13\u201317 years\u2014National Immunization Survey-Teen, United States, 2022","volume":"72","author":"Pingali","year":"2023","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"National Health Service (2025, January 22). Vaccination, Meningitis. Available online: https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/meningitis\/vaccination\/."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"UK Health Security Agency (2025, January 22). Laboratory Confirmed Cases of Invasive Meningococcal Infection in England: January to March 2021, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/meningococcal-disease-laboratory-confirmed-cases-in-england-in-2020-to-2021\/laboratory-confirmed-cases-of-invasive-meningococcal-infection-in-england-january-to-march-2021."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"UK Health Security Agency (2025, January 22). Laboratory Confirmed Cases of Invasive Meningococcal Infection in England: April to June 2021, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/meningococcal-disease-laboratory-confirmed-cases-in-england-in-2020-to-2021\/laboratory-confirmed-cases-of-invasive-meningococcal-infection-in-england-april-to-june-2021."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"UK Health Security Agency (2025, January 22). Laboratory Confirmed Cases of Invasive Meningococcal Infection in England: October to December 2020, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/meningococcal-disease-laboratory-confirmed-cases-in-england-in-2020-to-2021\/laboratory-confirmed-cases-of-invasive-meningococcal-infection-in-england-october-to-december-2020."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"UK Health Security Agency (2025, January 22). Laboratory Confirmed Cases of Invasive Meningococcal Infection in England: July to September 2020, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/meningococcal-disease-laboratory-confirmed-cases-in-england-in-2020-to-2021\/laboratory-confirmed-cases-of-invasive-meningococcal-infection-in-england-july-to-september-2020."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"UK Health Security Agency (2025, January 22). Laboratory Confirmed Cases of Invasive Meningococcal Infection (England): January to March 2020, Available online: https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/896356\/hpr1420_IMD.pdf."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"UK Health Security Agency (2025, January 22). Laboratory Confirmed Cases of Invasive Meningococcal Infection in England: April to June 2020, Available online: https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/media\/5f71c0888fa8f5188aa288fb\/hpr1720_imd_Q2.pdf."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"UK Health Security Agency (2025, January 22). Laboratory Confirmed Cases of Invasive Meningococcal Infection in England: July to September 2021, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/meningococcal-disease-laboratory-confirmed-cases-in-england-in-2021-to-2022\/laboratory-confirmed-cases-of-invasive-meningococcal-infection-in-england-july-to-september-2021."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"UK Health Security Agency (2025, January 22). Laboratory Confirmed Cases of Invasive Meningococcal Infection in England: July to September 2022, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/meningococcal-disease-laboratory-confirmed-cases-in-england-in-2022-to-2023\/laboratory-confirmed-cases-of-invasive-meningococcal-infection-in-england-july-to-september-2022."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"UK Health Security Agency (2025, January 22). Laboratory Confirmed Cases of Invasive Meningococcal Infection in England: January to March 2022, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/meningococcal-disease-laboratory-confirmed-cases-in-england-in-2021-to-2022\/laboratory-confirmed-cases-of-invasive-meningococcal-infection-in-england-january-to-march-2022."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"UK Health Security Agency (2025, January 22). Laboratory Confirmed Cases of Invasive Meningococcal Infection in England: April to June 2022, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/meningococcal-disease-laboratory-confirmed-cases-in-england-in-2021-to-2022\/laboratory-confirmed-cases-of-invasive-meningococcal-infection-in-england-april-to-june-2022."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"UK Health Security Agency (2025, January 22). Laboratory Confirmed Cases of Invasive Meningococcal Infection in England: October to December 2022, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/meningococcal-disease-laboratory-confirmed-cases-in-england-in-2022-to-2023\/laboratory-confirmed-cases-of-invasive-meningococcal-infection-in-england-october-to-december-2022."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"French Republic, French Administration (2025, January 22). Immunization Schedule. Available online: https:\/\/www.service-public.fr\/particuliers\/vosdroits\/F724."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care (2025, January 22). Meningococcal Vaccine, Available online: https:\/\/www.health.gov.au\/topics\/immunisation\/immunisation-services\/meningococcal-immunisation-service-0."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"South Australian Health (2025, January 22). Meningococcal B Immunisation Program, Available online: https:\/\/www.sahealth.sa.gov.au\/wps\/wcm\/connect\/public+content\/sa+health+internet\/conditions\/immunisation\/immunisation+programs\/meningococcal+b+immunisation+program#:~:text=The%20State%20Government%20Meningococcal%20B,and%20have%20a%20Medicare%20card."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Queensland Health (2025, January 22). Queensland MenB Vaccination Program, Available online: https:\/\/www.health.qld.gov.au\/clinical-practice\/guidelines-procedures\/diseases-infection\/immunisation\/meningococcal-b."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"E369","article-title":"Australian Meningococcal Surveillance Programme annual report, 2016","volume":"41","author":"Lahra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Commun. Dis. Intell. Q. Rep."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lahra, M.M., Enriquez, R.P., and Hogan, T.P. (2020). Australian Meningococcal Surveillance Programme annual report, 2018. Commun. Dis. Intell., 44.","DOI":"10.33321\/cdi.2020.44.10"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lahra, M.M., George, C.R., and Hogan, T.R. (2022). Australian Meningococcal Surveillance Programme Annual Report, 2021. Commun. Dis. Intell., 46.","DOI":"10.33321\/cdi.2022.46.52"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lahra, M.M., George, C.R.R., Shoushtari, M., and Hogan, T.R. (2021). Australian Meningococcal Surveillance Programme Annual Report, 2020. Commun. Dis. Intell., 45.","DOI":"10.33321\/cdi.2021.45.46"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lahra, M.M., and Hogan, T.R. (2020). Australian Meningococcal Surveillance Programme annual report, 2019. Commun. Dis. Intell., 44.","DOI":"10.33321\/cdi.2020.44.62"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lahra, M.M., Hurley, S.M., and Hogan, T.R. (2023). Meningococcal Surveillance Australia reporting period 1 October to 31 December 2022. Commun. Dis. Intell., 47.","DOI":"10.33321\/cdi.2023.47.30"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lahra, M.M., Ray, S., and Hogan, T.R. (2022). Meningococcal Surveillance Australia Reporting period 1 April to 30 June 2022. Commun. Dis. Intell., 46.","DOI":"10.33321\/cdi.2022.46.81"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lahra, M.M., Ray, S., and Hogan, T.R. (2022). Meningococcal Surveillance Australia Reporting period 1 January to 31 March 2022. Commun. Dis. Intell., 46.","DOI":"10.33321\/cdi.2022.46.36"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lahra, M.M., Ray, S., and Hogan, T.R. (2023). Meningococcal Surveillance Australia Reporting period 1 July to 30 September 2022. Commun. Dis. Intell., 47.","DOI":"10.33321\/cdi.2023.47.4"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Ministry of Health of Chile (2025, January 22). Vaccination Schedules. Available online: https:\/\/saludresponde.minsal.cl\/calendarios-de-vacunacion\/."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Institute of Public Health of Chile (2025, January 22). Laboratory Surveillance Results Report Invasive Disease Neisseria meningitidis, Chile. Available online: https:\/\/www.ispch.cl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Informe-Neisseria-meningitidis-SE-1-52-2022.pdf."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2025, January 22). CDC Assists with Meningococcal Disease Outbreak Investigation in Florida, Available online: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/media\/releases\/2022\/p0622-Meningococcal-Outbreak.html."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000000198","article-title":"Rising cases of meningococcal disease in Florida yet again: An urgent concern","volume":"109","author":"Naeem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"FloridaHealth.gov (2025, January 22). Vaccine-Preventable Disease Surveillance Report, Available online: https:\/\/www.floridahealth.gov\/diseases-and-conditions\/vaccine-preventable-disease\/vaccine-preventable-disease-report-archive.html."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Clayton, C. (2025, January 22). Virginia Department of Health Monitoring Community Outbreak of Meningococcal Disease in Eastern Virginia, Available online: https:\/\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\/news\/archived-news-releases\/2023-news-releases\/virginia-department-of-health-monitoring-community-outbreak-of-meningococcal-disease-in-eastern-virginia\/."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-021-01183-y","article-title":"COVID-19 lockdown: Ethnic differences in children\u2019s self-reported physical activity and the importance of leaving the home environment; a longitudinal and cross-sectional study from the Born in Bradford birth cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Bingham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"UK Health Security Agency (2025, January 22). Laboratory Confirmed Cases of Invasive Meningococcal Infection in England: October to December 2021, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/meningococcal-disease-laboratory-confirmed-cases-in-england-in-2021-to-2022\/laboratory-confirmed-cases-of-invasive-meningococcal-infection-in-england-october-to-december-2021."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"UK Health Security Agency (2025, January 22). Invasive Meningococcal Disease in England: Annual Laboratory Confirmed Reports for Epidemiological Year 2021 to 2022, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/meningococcal-disease-laboratory-confirmed-cases-in-england-in-2021-to-2022\/invasive-meningococcal-disease-in-england-annual-laboratory-confirmed-reports-for-epidemiological-year-2021-to-2022."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"National Health Service (2024, March 12). Childhood Vaccination Coverage Statistics. Available online: https:\/\/digital.nhs.uk\/data-and-information\/publications\/statistical\/nhs-immunisation-statistics."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"UK Health Security Agency (2025, January 22). Meningococcal ACWY (MenACWY) Vaccine Coverage for Adolescents in England, Academic Year 2021 to 2022, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/meningococcal-acwy-immunisation-programme-vaccine-coverage-estimates\/meningococcal-acwy-menacwy-vaccine-coverage-for-adolescents-in-england-academic-year-2021-to-2022."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alleaume, C., Verger, P., Peretti-Watel, P., and Group, C. (2021). Psychological support in general population during the COVID-19 lockdown in France: Needs and access. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251707"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deghmane, A.E., and Taha, M.K. (2022). Changes in invasive Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae infections in France during the COVID-19 pandemic. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10050907"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.10.001","article-title":"The rapid rebound of invasive meningococcal disease in France at the end of 2022","volume":"16","author":"Taha","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Sant\u00e9 Publique France (2025, January 22). Vaccination in France. Assessment of Vaccination Coverage in 2023., Available online: https:\/\/www.santepubliquefrance.fr\/determinants-de-sante\/vaccination\/documents\/bulletin-national\/vaccination-en-france.-bilan-de-la-couverture-vaccinale-en-2023."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taine, M., Offredo, L., Drouin, J., Toubiana, J., Weill, A., Zureik, M., and Dray-Spira, R. (2021). Mandatory infant vaccinations in France during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Front. Pediatr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.666848"},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"European Center for Disease Prevention and Control (2025, January 22). Communicable Disease Threats Report, Week 50, 11\u201317 December 2022. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/Communicable-Disease-Threats-Report-2022W50.pdf."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2024.101604","article-title":"Baby bump or baby slump? COVID-19, lockdowns, and their effects on births in Australia","volume":"25","author":"Wooden","year":"2024","journal-title":"SSM Popul. Health"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hull, B., Hendry, A., Dey, A., Brotherton, J., Macartney, K., and Beard, F. (2023). Annual Immunisation Coverage Report 2022, National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance Australia.","DOI":"10.33321\/cdi.2023.47.47"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hull, B., Hendry, A., Dey, A., Brotherton, J., Macartney, K., and Beard, F. (2022). Annual Immunisation Coverage Report 2021.","DOI":"10.33321\/cdi.2022.46.60"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-022-01893-3","article-title":"A dataset to assess mobility changes in Chile following local quarantines","volume":"10","author":"Pappalardo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22601-6","article-title":"Estimating the effect of social inequalities on the mitigation of COVID-19 across communities in Santiago de Chile","volume":"12","author":"Gozzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Minsal (2022). COVID-19 in Chile, Pandemic 2020\u20132022."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Ministry of Health of Chile (2023). Modifies Exempt Decree N\u00b0 50, of 2021, of the Ministry of Health, Which Provides Mandatory Vaccination Against Immunpreventable Diseases."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"(2022). Department of Immunizations, Prevention and Control of Diseases National Immunization Coverage Report 2022."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"(2021). Department of Immunizations, Prevention and Control of Diseases Preliminary Report on National Immunization Coverage for 2021."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"355","article-title":"Routine immunization 2020 in Chile during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic","volume":"38","author":"Bastias","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Chilena. Infectol."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"Ministry of Health of Chile (2025, January 22). National Immunization Coverage Report for the Year 2023 (PRELIMINARY). Available online: https:\/\/vacunas.minsal.cl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Informe-de-Coberturas_2023_enero_diciembre_preliminar.pdf."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"UNICEF (2025, January 22). COVID-19 Pandemic Leads to Major Backsliding on Childhood Vaccinations, New WHO, UNICEF Data Shows. Available online: https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/press-releases\/covid-19-pandemic-leads-major-backsliding-childhood-vaccinations-new-who-unicef-data."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2020.1804776","article-title":"Vaccines and routine immunization strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"17","author":"Dinleyici","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"GlaxoSmithKline (2025, January 22). Half of Parents Surveyed Either Cancelled or Delayed Their Child\u2019s Scheduled Meningitis Vaccination During the COVID-19 Pandemic\u2014GSK Survey Shows. Available online: https:\/\/www.gsk.com\/en-gb\/media\/press-releases\/half-of-parents-surveyed-either-cancelled-or-delayed-their-child-s-scheduled-meningitis-vaccination-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-gsk-survey-shows-1\/."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e931","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00283-X","article-title":"Effect of colonisation with Neisseria lactamica on cross-reactive anti-meningococcal B-cell responses: A randomised, controlled, human infection trial","volume":"3","author":"Dale","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/137.2.112","article-title":"Carriage of Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria lactamica in infants and children","volume":"137","author":"Gold","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e468","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000003660","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 containment strategies and meningococcal conjugate ACWY vaccination on meningococcal carriage in adolescents","volume":"41","author":"McMillan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e108","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026882300105X","article-title":"Modelling the impact of COVID-19 and routine MenACWY vaccination on meningococcal carriage and disease in the UK\u2014ERRATUM","volume":"151","author":"Hadley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2020.1855952","article-title":"Review of clinical studies comparing meningococcal serogroup C immune responses induced by MenACWY-TT and monovalent serogroup C vaccines","volume":"17","author":"Serra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.11.075","article-title":"Invasive meningococcal disease in Chile seven years after ACWY conjugate vaccine introduction","volume":"40","author":"Villena","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, January 22). Defeating Meningitis by 2030. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/initiatives\/defeating-meningitis-by-2030."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2022.10.022","article-title":"Meningococcal disease in North America: Updates from the Global Meningococcal Initiative","volume":"85","author":"Asturias","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000848","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.19.2000848","article-title":"Early Impact of the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic and Physical Distancing Measures on Routine Childhood Vaccinations in England, January to April 2020","volume":"25","author":"McDonald","year":"2020","journal-title":"Euro. Surveill."},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"UK Health and Security Agency (2025, January 22). Invasive Meningococcal Disease in England: Annual Laboratory Confirmed Reports for Epidemiological Year 2023 to 2024, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/meningococcal-disease-laboratory-confirmed-cases-in-england-2023-to-2024\/invasive-meningococcal-disease-in-england-annual-laboratory-confirmed-reports-for-epidemiological-year-2023-to-2024."}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/13\/2\/165\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:29:39Z","timestamp":1760027379000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/13\/2\/165"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines13020165"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines13020165","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]]}}}