{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:56:15Z","timestamp":1760057775739,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technology of the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["GZY-ZJ-KJ-24041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZY-ZJ-KJ-24041"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["GZY-ZJ-KJ-24041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZY-ZJ-KJ-24041"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Maintenance hemodialysis patients are at increased risk of cardiovascular complications and mortality following COVID-19 infection due to compromised immune function. This study aims to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 vaccine (CoronaVac) on cardiac function and survival in this population. Background\/Objectives: We aimed to examine whether CoronaVac vaccination affects heart function and survival rates in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Specifically, we assessed changes in heart ultrasound (echocardiographic) measurements, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels, and survival outcomes by comparing vaccinated and unvaccinated patients. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 531 maintenance hemodialysis patients, including 79 who received CoronaVac and 452 who did not. We compared the pre- and post-infection changes in heart function (echocardiographic parameters) and BNP levels between the two groups and assessed their association with the survival rates. Results: The vaccinated patients were younger (60.54\u2009 \u00b1 \u200913.51 vs. 65.21\u2009 \u00b1 \u200913.76 years, p = 0.006) and had shorter dialysis durations (56.04\u2009 \u00b1 \u200951.88 vs. 73.73\u2009 \u00b1 \u200964.79 months, p = 0.022). The mortality rate was also significantly lower in the vaccinated group (6.33% vs. 14.38%, p = 0.049). After infection, the unvaccinated patients showed significant declines in heart function and increased B-type natriuretic peptide levels, while the vaccinated patients demonstrated no significant deterioration. Older age, coronary artery disease, inflammation levels, and heart abnormalities were identified as the key risk factors for mortality. Conclusions: CoronaVac was linked to lower mortality and better heart function in maintenance hemodialysis patients. The vaccine may help to reduce infection severity, lower strain on the heart, and improve the overall prognosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13030208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T04:03:17Z","timestamp":1740024197000},"page":"208","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of COVID-19 Vaccination on Cardiac Function and Survival in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xiao","family":"Tu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Department of Nephrology, Hangzhou TCM Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), 453 Tiyu Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310012, China"},{"name":"Hangzhou Clinical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou 310053, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tingfei","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Clinical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou 310053, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Clinical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou 310053, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6568-0970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiazhen","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Department of Nephrology, Hangzhou TCM Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), 453 Tiyu Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310012, China"},{"name":"Hangzhou Clinical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou 310053, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9218-7783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fangyu","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Clinical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou 310053, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Clinical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou 310053, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3181-7519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinchi","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Clinical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou 310053, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1840-0078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Department of Nephrology, Hangzhou TCM Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), 453 Tiyu Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wanyue","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Department of Nephrology, Hangzhou TCM Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), 453 Tiyu Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rihong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hemodialysis Unit, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 453 Tiyu Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1145-2745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, The Children\u2019s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, 3333 Binsheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou 310003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1587-8698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yayu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Department of Nephrology, Hangzhou TCM Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), 453 Tiyu Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"gfab098.0043","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfab098.0043","article-title":"MO851 INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY OF CORONAVIRUS DISEASE (COVID 19) IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS","volume":"36","author":"Grujic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfab037","article-title":"Risk prediction of COVID-19 incidence and mortality in a large multi-national hemodialysis cohort: Implications for management of the pandemic in outpatient hemodialysis settings","volume":"14","author":"Haarhaus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.04.031","article-title":"COVID-19: Clinical course and outcomes of 36 hemodialysis patients in Spain","volume":"98","author":"Goicoechea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vergara, A., Molina-Van den Bosch, M., Toapanta, N., Villegas, A., S\u00e1nchez-C\u00e1mara, L., Sequera, P.D., Manrique, J., Shabaka, A., Aragoncillo, I., and Ruiz, M.C. (2021). The impact of age on mortality in chronic haemodialysis population with COVID-19. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10143022"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tylicki, L., Puchalska-Regli\u0144ska, E., Tylicki, P., Och, A., Polewska, K., Biedunkiewicz, B., Parczewska, A., Szabat, K., Wolf, J., and D\u0119bska-\u015alizie\u0144, A. (2022). Predictors of mortality in hemodialyzed patients after SARS-CoV-2 infection. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11020285"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"gfab098.0011","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfab098.0011","article-title":"Mo819: Risk Factors for COVID-19 Mortality in Hemodialysis Patients","volume":"36","author":"Tomanoski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.16621221","article-title":"Severity of COVID-19 after vaccination among hemodialysis patients: An observational cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Ashby","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"gfad063c_5019","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfad063c_5019","article-title":"# 5019 MORTALITY FOR COVID-19 IN UNDERGOING MAINTENANCE DIALYSIS PATIENTS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS","volume":"38","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iii28","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfy174","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease in dialysis patients","volume":"33","author":"Cozzolino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvad083","article-title":"Cardiovascular complications in chronic kidney disease: A review from the European Renal and Cardiovascular Medicine Working Group of the European Renal Association","volume":"119","author":"Zoccali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000095676.90936.80","article-title":"Kidney disease as a risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease: A statement from the American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology, and Epidemiology and Prevention","volume":"108","author":"Sarnak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.01.015","article-title":"Predicting in-hospital survival in acute type A aortic dissection medically treated","volume":"75","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.3557","article-title":"Outcomes of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in patients recently recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"5","author":"Puntmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.03.031","article-title":"Cardiovascular considerations for patients, health care workers, and health systems during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"75","author":"Driggin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, P., Liu, J., and Liu, M. (2022). Effect of COVID-19 vaccines on reducing the risk of long COVID in the real world: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912422"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feltes, G., Romero, R., Uribarri Gonzalez, A., Nu\u00f1ez Gil, I.J., Raposeiras-Roubin, S., Viana-Llamas, M.C., and Alfonso, E. (2023). Post-COVID-19 Symptoms and Heart Disease: Incidence, Prognostic Factors, Outcomes and Vaccination: Results from a Multi-Center International Prospective Registry (HOPE 2). J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12020706"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofac228","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac228","article-title":"The protective effect of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination on postacute sequelae of COVID-19: A multicenter study from a large national health research network","volume":"9","author":"Zisis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.17188","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of Sinovac vaccine administered in patients undergoing hemodialysis","volume":"16","author":"Akin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"6630715","article-title":"Prolactin Increases the Frequency of Follicular T Helper Cells with Enhanced IL21 Secretion and OX40 Expression in Lupus-Prone MRL\/lpr Mice","volume":"2021","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfab258","article-title":"Immunogenicity, reactogenicity and breakthrough infections after two doses of the inactivated CoronaVac vaccine among patients on dialysis: Phase 4 study","volume":"15","author":"Teixeira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30066","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000030066","article-title":"New-onset crescent IgA nephropathy following the CoronaVac vaccine: A case report","volume":"101","author":"Ran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.08.088","article-title":"23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine improves survival in dialysis patients by preventing cardiac events","volume":"37","author":"Ihara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252257","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2023.2252257","article-title":"Effectiveness of vaccination in reducing hospitalization and mortality rates in dialysis patients with Omicron infection in China: A single-center study","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabj1031","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abj1031","article-title":"Impaired humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 vaccine in kidney transplant recipients and dialysis patients","volume":"6","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e066164","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-066164","article-title":"Factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine uptake in people with kidney disease: An OpenSAFELY cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Parker","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2022.10.010","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Effectiveness and Breakthrough Infections Among Patients Receiving Maintenance Dialysis","volume":"81","author":"Manley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03700321","article-title":"Early Humoral Responses of Hemodialysis Patients after COVID-19 Vaccination with BNT162b2","volume":"16","author":"Speer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S28","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V13suppl_1s28","article-title":"Inflammation, malnutrition, and cardiac disease as predictors of mortality in hemodialysis patients","volume":"13","author":"Qureshi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"133","article-title":"Inflammation predicts all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in haemodialysis patients","volume":"27","author":"Selim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prilozi"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.01.001","article-title":"Inflammation and nutritional status assessment by malnutrition inflammation score and its outcome in pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients","volume":"38","author":"Jagadeswaran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfn167","article-title":"Excess mortality due to interaction between protein-energy wasting, inflammation and cardiovascular disease in chronic dialysis patients","volume":"23","author":"Grootendorst","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000135053.98172.D6","article-title":"Inflammation, residual kidney function, and cardiac hypertrophy are interrelated and combine adversely to enhance mortality and cardiovascular death risk of peritoneal dialysis patients","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"136","article-title":"Inflammation and malnutrition as predictors of mortality in patients on hemodialysis","volume":"15","author":"Mon","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfp598","article-title":"Association of inflammation and protein-energy wasting with endothelial dysfunction in peritoneal dialysis patients","volume":"25","author":"Choi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2019.10.019","article-title":"Evaluation of the prognostic significance of the malnutrition inflammation score in hemodialysis patients","volume":"35","author":"Peres","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-139X.2002.00083.x","article-title":"Inflammation in end-stage renal disease: Sources, consequences, and therapy","volume":"15","author":"Stenvinkel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Semin. Dial."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.4.451","article-title":"Association between cholesterol level and mortality in dialysis patients: Role of inflammation and malnutrition","volume":"291","author":"Liu","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.2147\/VHRM.S5789","article-title":"Natriuretic peptides (BNP and NT-proBNP): Measurement and relevance in heart failure","volume":"6","author":"Palazzuoli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vasc. Health Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V1271508","article-title":"Cardiac natriuretic peptides are related to left ventricular mass and function and predict mortality in dialysis patients","volume":"12","author":"Zoccali","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2019.12.017","article-title":"Association of NT-proBNP and BNP With Future Clinical Outcomes in Patients With ESKD: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"76","author":"Harrison","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcac091","article-title":"High-sensitivity cardiac troponin, a cardiac marker predicting death in patients with kidney disease: A dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"116","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1159\/000531188","article-title":"Impact of Hemodialysis on Left Ventricular-Arterial Coupling in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients","volume":"52","author":"Zuo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Purif."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2016.05.025","article-title":"Intensive Hemodialysis, Left Ventricular Hypertrophy, and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"68","author":"McCullough","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.01.046","article-title":"Blood pressure and volume management in dialysis: Conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference","volume":"97","author":"Flythe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Law, M.C., Kwan, B.C., Fung, J.S., Chow, K.M., Ng, J.K.C., Pang, W.F., Cheng, P.M., Leung, C.B., and Szeto, C.C. (2019). The efficacy of managing fluid overload in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients by a structured nurse-led intervention protocol. BMC Nephrol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-019-1596-3"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2715","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfq101","article-title":"Sex-specific association of time-varying haemoglobin values with mortality in incident dialysis patients","volume":"25","author":"Sturm","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00530.x","article-title":"Left ventricular mass monitoring in the follow-up of dialysis patients: Prognostic value of left ventricular hypertrophy progression","volume":"65","author":"Zoccali","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-024-02495-6","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on care of maintenance hemodialysis patients: A multicenter study","volume":"28","author":"Naga","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2023.04.001","article-title":"The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Patients With CKD: Systematic Review of Qualitative Studies","volume":"82","author":"Natale","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-022-01032-8","article-title":"Long-Term Cardiovascular Effects of COVID-19: Emerging Data Relevant to the Cardiovascular Clinician","volume":"24","author":"Tobler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.02.008","article-title":"Protective effect of COVID-19 vaccination against long COVID syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Watanabe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2023-323483","article-title":"The role of COVID-19 vaccines in preventing post-COVID-19 thromboembolic and cardiovascular complications","volume":"110","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1218","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.1218","article-title":"Long-lasting, biochemically modified mRNA, and its frameshifted recombinant spike proteins in human tissues and circulation after COVID-19 vaccination","volume":"12","author":"Boros","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res. Perspect."}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/13\/3\/208\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:38:21Z","timestamp":1760027901000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/13\/3\/208"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines13030208"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines13030208","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-393X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]}}}