{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:55:57Z","timestamp":1760057757382,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Pork Board","award":["23-052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23-052"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Environmental enrichment (EE) devices are required in various countries and markets to promote animal welfare, with dual-purpose devices more likely to encourage adoption. We developed an EE device that allows pigs to self-administer liquids, designed to align with natural and play behaviors, and utilized a maternal pheromone (MP) to attract pigs to the device. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of this device in delivering vaccines for Erysipelas, Ileitis, Mycoplasma, and Influenza to growing pigs. Methods: Pigs were assigned to three treatments groups: Control (unvaccinated), Hand-Vaccinated (via oral gavage or intramuscular injection), and Self-Vaccinated using the EE device. Baseline samples were collected to determine initial antibody status, and serum and oral fluids\u2019 IgG and IgA levels were measured post-vaccination to assess immune response. Four studies were conducted with 36 pigs (12 per treatment) over a 49-day period. Results: Self-vaccination pigs receiving the avirulent live Erysipelas vaccine developed oral and serum antibodies comparable to Hand-Vaccinated pigs. Pigs self-administering the avirulent live Lawsonia intracelluaris vaccine developed oral fluid antibodies. In contrast, pigs who received Mycoplasma or Influenza vaccines through self-vaccination exhibited significantly lower antibody levels compared to the Hand-Vaccinated group. Conclusions: These findings demonstrated that self-vaccination using EE devices for the oral administration of avirulent live vaccines offers benefits such as reduced labor and improved animal welfare. However, killed vaccines did not elicit sufficient antibody responses, suggesting the need for modified vaccine formulations or administration strategies to improve self-vaccination efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13030229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T06:47:17Z","timestamp":1740379637000},"page":"229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficacy of a Self-Vaccination Strategy for Influenza A Virus, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, and Lawsonia intracellularis in Swine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lucas Caua","family":"Spetic da Selva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Behavior, Physiology and Welfare, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0945-639X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Robbins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pig Improvement Company (PIC), Hendersonville, TN 37075, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1601-854X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Courtney","family":"Archer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Behavior, Physiology and Welfare, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA"},{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madelyn","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Behavior, Physiology and Welfare, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Seate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Science Products, Nacogdoches, TX 75961, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4407-7996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis G.","family":"Gim\u00e9nez-Lirola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronaldo","family":"Magtoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8186-6900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arlene","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Health and Welfare, Texas Tech University School of Veterinary Medicine, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4733-694X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allen Jimena","family":"Martinez Aguiriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Health and Welfare, Texas Tech University School of Veterinary Medicine, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emerald","family":"Julianna Salinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Health and Welfare, Texas Tech University School of Veterinary Medicine, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6949-2603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John J.","family":"McGlone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Behavior, Physiology and Welfare, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2476","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01908-06","article-title":"Immunization of Pigs To Prevent Disease in Humans: Construction and Protective Efficacy of a Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium Live Negative-Marker Vaccine","volume":"75","author":"Selke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. 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