{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:57:29Z","timestamp":1792807049131,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2023YFD2400704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD2400704"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["32202980"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32202980"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2024AFB251"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024AFB251"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2024Z279"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024Z279"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["CQFTIU202504-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CQFTIU202504-1"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["YFI202416"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YFI202416"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2023TD46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023TD46"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2023YFD2400704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD2400704"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32202980"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32202980"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2024AFB251"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024AFB251"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2024Z279"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024Z279"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["CQFTIU202504-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CQFTIU202504-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["YFI202416"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YFI202416"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2023TD46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023TD46"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Nature Science Foundation of Hubei Province","award":["2023YFD2400704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD2400704"]}]},{"name":"Nature Science Foundation of Hubei Province","award":["32202980"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32202980"]}]},{"name":"Nature Science Foundation of Hubei Province","award":["2024AFB251"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024AFB251"]}]},{"name":"Nature Science Foundation of Hubei Province","award":["2024Z279"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024Z279"]}]},{"name":"Nature Science Foundation of Hubei Province","award":["CQFTIU202504-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CQFTIU202504-1"]}]},{"name":"Nature Science Foundation of Hubei Province","award":["YFI202416"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YFI202416"]}]},{"name":"Nature Science Foundation of Hubei Province","award":["2023TD46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023TD46"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Yongjiang 2035 Key Research and Development Project of Ningbo","award":["2023YFD2400704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD2400704"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Yongjiang 2035 Key Research and Development Project of Ningbo","award":["32202980"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32202980"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Yongjiang 2035 Key Research and Development Project of Ningbo","award":["2024AFB251"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024AFB251"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Yongjiang 2035 Key Research and Development Project of Ningbo","award":["2024Z279"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024Z279"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Yongjiang 2035 Key Research and Development Project of Ningbo","award":["CQFTIU202504-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CQFTIU202504-1"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Yongjiang 2035 Key Research and Development Project of Ningbo","award":["YFI202416"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YFI202416"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Yongjiang 2035 Key Research and Development Project of Ningbo","award":["2023TD46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023TD46"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Aquatic Science and Technology Innovation Alliance","award":["2023YFD2400704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD2400704"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Aquatic Science and Technology Innovation Alliance","award":["32202980"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32202980"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Aquatic Science and Technology Innovation Alliance","award":["2024AFB251"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024AFB251"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Aquatic Science and Technology Innovation Alliance","award":["2024Z279"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024Z279"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Aquatic Science and Technology Innovation Alliance","award":["CQFTIU202504-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CQFTIU202504-1"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Aquatic Science and Technology Innovation Alliance","award":["YFI202416"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YFI202416"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Aquatic Science and Technology Innovation Alliance","award":["2023TD46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023TD46"]}]},{"name":"Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["2023YFD2400704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD2400704"]}]},{"name":"Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["32202980"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32202980"]}]},{"name":"Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["2024AFB251"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024AFB251"]}]},{"name":"Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["2024Z279"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024Z279"]}]},{"name":"Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["CQFTIU202504-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CQFTIU202504-1"]}]},{"name":"Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["YFI202416"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YFI202416"]}]},{"name":"Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["2023TD46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023TD46"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Epizootics of largemouth bass ranavirus (LMBRaV) in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) populations are associated with elevated mortality and significant financial losses. Given the lack of effective and safe medication to treat this disease, oral vaccination, which directly targets the intestinal mucosal immune system, is crucial for disease resistance. Methods: This study utilized carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to coat LMBRaV inactivated vaccine (LIV) (micro-CMC@LIV). The morphology and characteristics of the CMC microcapsules were determined. In vitro simulated gastric and intestinal conditions were used to validate that the microcapsules could tolerate gastric conditions and subsequently release their contents in the intestinal tract. This was confirmed using CMC-coated coumarin 6 (C6) fluorescence microcapsules. Results: After the oral administration of micro-CMC@LIV, the detection of LMBRaV major capsid protein confirmed effective antigen release and absorption in the midgut and hindgut. Neutralizing antibody titers were significantly higher (1:81.71) in the micro-CMC@LIV group compared to the uncoated vaccine group (1:21.69). The expression of genes linked to the innate and adaptive immune systems was upregulated post-micro-CMC@LIV treatment. Following the LMBRaV challenge, the micro-CMC@LIV group exhibited a relative percent survival (RPS) of 82.14%, significantly higher than the uncoated vaccine group (61.61%). Droplet digital PCR analysis revealed significantly lower viral loads in the liver, spleen, and head kidney of the micro-CMC@LIV group compared to the control group and the uncoated vaccine group. Conclusions: These results collectively suggest that the CMC-coated LIV can be effectively delivered to the intestinal tract and induce robust antibody and immune responses, providing a reliable method for preventing and controlling LMBRaV disease in the largemouth bass industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13030233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T03:40:12Z","timestamp":1740454812000},"page":"233","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Protective Effects and Immunological Responses Induced by a Carboxymethyl Cellulose Microcapsule-Coated Inactivated Vaccine Against Largemouth Bass Ranavirus (LMBRaV) in Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jiale","family":"Zhai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China"},{"name":"College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7291-2493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuding","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiqun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3370-5712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingyang","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8846-2191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2175-8211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fish and Wildlife Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0373-5734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China"},{"name":"College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3109\/19401736.2012.660923","article-title":"The complete mitochondrial genomes of largemouth bass of the northern subspecies (Micropterus salmoides salmoides) and Florida subspecies (Micropterus salmoides floridanus) and their applications in the identification of largemouth bass species","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mitochondrial DNA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, J., Xu, W., Wang, W., Pan, Z., Qin, Q., and Huang, X. (2022). Largemouth bass virus infection induced non-apoptotic cell death in MsF cells. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14071568"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"494","article-title":"Isolation and identification of largemouth bass ranavirus from Hubei Province","volume":"29","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Fish. Sci. China"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.06.062","article-title":"Construction of a DNA vaccine and its protective effect on largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) challenged with largemouth bass virus (LMBV)","volume":"106","author":"Yi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.735363","article-title":"A new ranavirus of the Santee-Cooper group invades largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) culture in southwest China","volume":"526","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13721","article-title":"Development of a droplet digital PCR method for the sensitive detection and quantification of largemouth bass ranavirus","volume":"46","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Fish. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3354\/dao037107","article-title":"Molecular characterization of a ranavirus isolated from largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides","volume":"37","author":"Mao","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Org."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.025","article-title":"Immune efficacy of carbon nanotubes recombinant subunit vaccine against largemouth bass ulcerative syndrome virus","volume":"100","author":"Jia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-022-05516-5","article-title":"Recent changes to virus taxonomy ratified by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2022)","volume":"167","author":"Walker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Q., Ke, F., Gui, L., and Zhao, Z. (2022). Recent insights into aquatic viruses: Emerging and reemerging pathogens, molecular features, biological effects, and novel investigative approaches. Water Biol. Secur., 1.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watbs.2022.100062"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gray, M.J., and Chinchar, V.G. (2025). Ranavirus Replication: New Studies Provide Answers to Old Questions. Ranaviruses, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-64973-8"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, Y., Liu, M., Yu, Q., Huang, S., Han, S., Shi, J., Wei, H., Zou, J., and Li, P. (2023). Effect of EGCG extracted from green tea against largemouth bass virus infection. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15010151"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13686","article-title":"Antigenic epitope screening and functional modification of mannose enhance the efficacy of largemouth bass virus subunit vaccines","volume":"45","author":"Jia","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Fish. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2024.740632","article-title":"Saikosaponin C as an antiviral agent inhibits the largemouth bass ranavirus in vitro and in vivo","volume":"585","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2023.108627","article-title":"Surface display of major capsid protein on Bacillus subtilis spores against largemouth bass virus (LMBV) for oral administration","volume":"135","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2023.101882","article-title":"Antiviral effects of esculin on largemouth bass ranavirus in vivo and in vitro","volume":"34","author":"Xue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquac. Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, J., Zhang, C., Yuan, X., Huang, L., Hu, D., Yu, Z., Yin, W., Lin, L., Pan, X., and Yang, G. (2022). Oral vaccination with recombinant Pichia pastoris expressing iridovirus major capsid protein elicits protective immunity in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.852300"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, M., Chen, X., Xue, M., Jiang, N., Li, Y., Fan, Y., Zhang, P., Liu, N., Xiao, Z., and Zhang, Q. (2023). Oral vaccination of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) against largemouth bass ranavirus (LMBV) using yeast surface display technology. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13071183"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-024-01347-1","article-title":"Fish Iridoviridae: Infection, vaccination and immune response","volume":"55","author":"Labella","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.122331","article-title":"Vaccine development: Current trends and technologies","volume":"336","author":"Poria","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.5.6.803","article-title":"Optimization and delivery of plasmid DNA for vaccination","volume":"5","author":"Jechlinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, G., Santos, R.A., Coutinho, F., Pedrosa, N., Curado, M., Machado, M., Costas, B., Bonneville, L., Serrano, M., and Carcalho, A.P. (2022). Oral vaccination of fish against vibriosis using spore-display technology. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1012301"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00f8gwald, J., and Dalmo, R.A. (2019). Review on immersion vaccines for Fish: An update 2019. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7120627"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2016.03.024","article-title":"Oral vaccination of fish Lessons from humans and veterinary species","volume":"64","author":"Embregts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S155914","article-title":"Immunocompetence and mechanism of the DRibble-DCs vaccine for oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"10","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mbongue, J.C., Alhoshani, A., Rawson, J., Garcia, P.A., Gonzalez, N., Ferreri, K., Kandeel, F., and Husselny, M.I. (2020). Tracking of an oral Salmonella-Based vaccine for type 1 diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00712"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, W., Zhu, C., Xiao, F., Liu, X., Xie, A., Chen, F., Dong, P., Liu, P., Zheng, C., and Gong, H. (2021). pH-Controlled release of antigens using mesoporous silica nanoparticles delivery system for developing a fish oral vaccine. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.644396"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40326","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c02462","article-title":"Current challenges in microcapsule designs and microencapsulation processes: A review","volume":"16","author":"Lobel","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Inter."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2013.03.007","article-title":"Carboxymethyl starch and lecithin complex as matrix for targeted drug delivery: I. monolithic mesalamine forms for colon delivery","volume":"85","author":"Mihaela","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.079","article-title":"Carboxymethyl cellulose-based oral delivery systems","volume":"133","author":"Javanbakht","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sayyar, Z., Pakdel, P.M., and Peighambardoust, S.J. (2024). Oral delivery of Sunitinib malate using carboxymethyl cellulose\/poly(acrylic acid-itaconic acid)\/Cloisite 30B nanocomposite hydrogel as a pH-responsive carrier. BMC Biotechnol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12896-024-00883-0"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.249","article-title":"Carboxymethyl cellulose based sustainable hydrogel for colon-specific delivery of gentamicin","volume":"228","author":"Verma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a118408","article-title":"A simple method of estimating fifty percent endpoints","volume":"27","author":"Reed","year":"1938","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2024.741634","article-title":"Inactivated LMBV vaccine with nano-aluminum adjuvant provided immune protection in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)","volume":"595","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1007\/s10126-015-9663-7","article-title":"Alginate Microencapsulation for oral immunisation of finfish: Release characteristics, ex vivo intestinal uptake and in vivo administration in Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar L.","volume":"17","author":"Ghosh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1142","article-title":"The characteristics and immune efficacy of an oral microspheres vaccine of Yersinia Ruckeri","volume":"39","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Hydrobiol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"e2165482","article-title":"Prebiotics and postbiotics synergistic delivery microcapsules from microfluidics for treating colitis","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-009-9287-x","article-title":"Oral and parenteral vaccines against Flavobacterium columnare: Evaluation of humoral immune response by ELISA and in vivo efficiency in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)","volume":"18","author":"Leal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aquac. Intl."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2005.08.010","article-title":"Production and characterisation of alginate microparticles incorporating Aeromonas hydrophila designed for fish oral vaccination","volume":"41","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2006","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.2174\/157016311798109407","article-title":"Lectin-immobilized fluorescent nanospheres for targeting to colorectal cancer from a physicochemical perspective","volume":"8","author":"Sakuma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Discov. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"207","article-title":"International symposium on fish biologics: Serodiagnostics and vaccines","volume":"49","author":"Amend","year":"1981","journal-title":"Dev. Biol. tand."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02868","article-title":"Characterization of Chinese giant salamander iridovirus tissue tropism and inflammatory response after infection","volume":"114","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Org."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2022.104347","article-title":"Characterization, expression pattern and antiviral activities of oligoadenylate synthetase in Chinese Giant Salamander, Andrias davidianus","volume":"129","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of Relative Gene Expression Data Using Real-Time Quantitative PCR and the 2\u2212\u0394\u0394CT Method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho, P.Y., Byadgi, O., Wang, P.C., Tsai, M.A., Liaw, L.L., and Chen, S.C. (2016). Identification, molecular cloning of IL-1\u03b2 and its expression profile during Nocardia seriolae infection in largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17101670"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2023.108641","article-title":"Isolation, identification and the pathogenicity characterization of a Santee-Coooper ranavirus and its activation on immune responses in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)","volume":"135","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"740527","article-title":"Artificial infection pathway of largemouth bass LMBV and identification of resistant and susceptible individuals","volume":"582","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1006\/fsim.1997.0100","article-title":"Oral vaccination of fish against Vibrio anguillarumusing alginate microparticles","volume":"7","author":"Joosten","year":"1997","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(99)00231-X","article-title":"Oral vaccine delivery","volume":"65","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Controll. Release."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2011.03.007","article-title":"Advances in fish vaccine delivery","volume":"35","author":"Plant","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.4.1.89","article-title":"Vaccines for fish in aquaculture","volume":"4","author":"Sommerset","year":"2005","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Vaccines."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1038\/nri891","article-title":"Antibodies, viruses and vaccines","volume":"2","author":"Burton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2023.109179","article-title":"The oral antigen-adjuvant fusion vaccine P-MCP-FlaC provides effective protective effect against largemouth bass ranavirus infection","volume":"142","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, N., Fan, Y., Zhou, Y., Meng, Y., Liu, W., Li, Y., Xue, M., Robert, J., and Zeng, L. (2021). The immune system and the antiviral responses in Chinese Giant Salamander, Andrias davidianus. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.718627"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2012.08.007","article-title":"B cell memory following infection and challenge of channel catfish with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis","volume":"39","author":"Findly","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.10.012","article-title":"IgM and IgD heavy chains of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco): Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis in response to bacterial infection","volume":"84","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.143.4.1239","article-title":"The immunogenicity of soluble haptenated polymers is determined by molecular mass and hapten valence","volume":"143","author":"Dintzis","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1038\/355641a0","article-title":"Assembly and function of the two ABC transporter proteins encoded in the human major histocompatibility complex","volume":"355","author":"Kelly","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/301158a0","article-title":"Phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of human cloned natural killer cell lines","volume":"301","author":"Hercend","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6101(02)00028-X","article-title":"Evolution of interleukin-1\u03b2","volume":"13","author":"Bird","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/13\/3\/233\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:41:49Z","timestamp":1760028109000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/13\/3\/233"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines13030233"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines13030233","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]}}}