{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:51:15Z","timestamp":1792036275388,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Doctoral Training Partnership Supplement Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Herpes zoster (HZ) is a painful neurocutaneous disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus. The recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) is becoming increasingly incorporated into national vaccination schedules. We aimed to evaluate RZV from a global public health policy perspective. Methods: We performed a rapid review of studies evaluating the immunogenicity, efficacy, and effectiveness of RZV for protection against HZ and associated complications. We searched PubMed for English-language studies published between 7 August 2012 and 30 September 2023. Included studies reported vaccine efficacy or effectiveness against HZ and HZ-associated complications. Immunogenicity studies were included if they contributed to the understanding of RZV protection over time and\/or co-administration with other vaccines. HZ outcomes were stratified by socio-demographic and clinical variables. Results: From 405 identified publications, 33 were eligible for the study. Most studies were conducted in the US (N = 12), across North America (N = 10), and Europe (N = 5), or across multiple locations across North America, Latin America, and Asia\u2013Australia (N = 6). Vaccine efficacy against HZ in immunocompetent populations ranged between 90% and 97%, while effectiveness ranged between 71% and 86%. Protection stayed above 70% for at least 10 years, with no significant differences by age or ethnicity. Conclusions: RZV is effective in reducing the risk of HZ and its associated complications. Protection is long-lasting and the vaccine is suitable for older and immunocompromised populations. However, the decision to incorporate the vaccine into national policies depends on additional factors (e.g., cost-effectiveness), which may be difficult to characterize without an understanding of the global disease burden.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13030250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T08:04:44Z","timestamp":1740643484000},"page":"250","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Evaluating the Immunogenicity, Efficacy, and Effectiveness of Recombinant Zoster Vaccine for Global Public Health Policy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lucy R.","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3271-6033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joachim","family":"Hombach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunisation, Vaccines and Biologicals Department, World Health Organisation, Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6800-760X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melanie","family":"Marti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunisation, Vaccines and Biologicals Department, World Health Organisation, Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.9.3.361","article-title":"Varicella-zoster virus","volume":"9","author":"Arvin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"9","article-title":"The nature of herpes zoster: A long-term study and a new hypothesis","volume":"58","year":"1965","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25151355221084535","DOI":"10.1177\/25151355221084535","article-title":"Global herpes zoster incidence, burden of disease, and vaccine availability: A narrative review","volume":"10","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevention of herpes zoster: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)","volume":"57","author":"Harpaz","year":"2008","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-200211000-00002","article-title":"Epidemiology and impact on quality of life of postherpetic neuralgia and painful diabetic neuropathy","volume":"18","author":"Schmader","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1177\/2051013615599151","article-title":"Herpes zoster epidemiology, management, and disease and economic burden in Europe: A multidisciplinary perspective","volume":"3","author":"Johnson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1302674","article-title":"Herpes Zoster","volume":"369","author":"Cohen","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268801005921","article-title":"Epidemiology of varicella zoster virus infection in Canada and the United Kingdom","volume":"127","author":"Brisson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2005.0150.x","article-title":"The incidence of herpes zoster in a United States administrative database","volume":"20","author":"Insinga","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-021-00567-8","article-title":"Meta-Regression of Herpes Zoster Incidence Worldwide","volume":"11","author":"Curran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Ther."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2014.08.018","article-title":"Incidence of herpes zoster and its complications in Germany, 2005\u20132009","volume":"70","author":"Hillebrand","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e125","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz1090","article-title":"Herpes Zoster Risk in Immunocompromised Adults in the United States: A Systematic Review","volume":"71","author":"McKay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182a3516e","article-title":"The global epidemiology of herpes zoster","volume":"81","author":"Yawn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2020.1847582","article-title":"A systematic literature review of herpes zoster incidence worldwide","volume":"17","author":"Vroling","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bardach, A.E., Palermo, C., Alconada, T., Sandoval, M., Balan, D.J., Nieto Guevara, J., G\u00f3mez, J., and Ciapponi, A. (2021). Herpes zoster epidemiology in Latin America: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255877"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004833","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-004833","article-title":"Systematic review of incidence and complications of herpes zoster: Towards a global perspective","volume":"4","author":"Kawai","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussey, H., Abdullahi, L., Collins, J., Muloiwa, R., Hussey, G., and Kagina, B. (2017). Varicella zoster virus-associated morbidity and mortality in Africa\u2014A systematic review. BMC Infect. Dis., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2815-9"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis638","article-title":"Persistence of the efficacy of zoster vaccine in the shingles prevention study and the short-term persistence substudy","volume":"55","author":"Schmader","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa051016","article-title":"A vaccine to prevent herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in older adults","volume":"352","author":"Oxman","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx245","article-title":"Long-Term Effectiveness of the Live Zoster Vaccine in Preventing Shingles: A Cohort Study","volume":"187","author":"Baxter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis497","article-title":"A phase 1\/2 clinical trial evaluating safety and immunogenicity of a varicella zoster glycoprotein e subunit vaccine candidate in young and older adults","volume":"206","author":"Clement","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12057","article-title":"Interpretation of Odds and Risk Ratios","volume":"27","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1501184","article-title":"Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults","volume":"372","author":"Lal","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1603800","article-title":"Efficacy of the Herpes Zoster Subunit Vaccine in Adults 70 Years of Age or Older","volume":"375","author":"Cunningham","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.02.029","article-title":"Complications of herpes zoster in immunocompetent older adults: Incidence in vaccine and placebo groups in two large phase 3 trials","volume":"36","author":"Kovac","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.09.028","article-title":"Efficacy of the adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) by sex, geographic region, and geographic ancestry\/ethnicity: A post-hoc analysis of the ZOE-50 and ZOE-70 randomized trials","volume":"37","author":"Willer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16917","article-title":"Recombinant Zoster Vaccine Is Efficacious and Safe in Frail Individuals","volume":"69","author":"Curran","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaa424","article-title":"Efficacy and serious adverse events profile of the adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine in adults with pre-existing potential immune-mediated diseases: A pooled post hoc analysis on two parallel randomized trials","volume":"60","author":"Dagnew","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2020.1859321","article-title":"The adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine is efficacious and safe in Asian adults \u226550 years of age: A sub-cohort analysis of the ZOE-50 and ZOE-70 randomized trials","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab629","article-title":"The Adjuvanted Recombinant Zoster Vaccine Confers Long-Term Protection Against Herpes Zoster: Interim Results of an Extension Study of the Pivotal Phase 3 Clinical Trials ZOE-50 and ZOE-70","volume":"74","author":"Boutry","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofac485","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac485","article-title":"Long-term Protection Against Herpes Zoster by the Adjuvanted Recombinant Zoster Vaccine: Interim Efficacy, Immunogenicity, and Safety Results up to 10 Years After Initial Vaccination","volume":"9","author":"Strezova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2019.1627818","article-title":"Medical conditions at enrollment do not impact efficacy and safety of the adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine: A pooled post-hoc analysis of two parallel randomized trials","volume":"15","author":"Oostvogels","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.9053","article-title":"Effect of Recombinant Zoster Vaccine on Incidence of Herpes Zoster After Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"322","author":"Bastidas","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4144","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2021.1953346","article-title":"Adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine in adult autologous stem cell transplant recipients: Polyfunctional immune responses and lessons for clinical practice","volume":"17","author":"Stadtmauer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30163-X","article-title":"Immunogenicity and safety of the adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine in adults with haematological malignancies: A phase 3, randomised, clinical trial and post-hoc efficacy analysis","volume":"19","author":"Dagnew","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.05.056","article-title":"Effectiveness of the recombinant zoster vaccine among Kaiser Permanente Hawaii enrollees aged 50 and older: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"39","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.05.043","article-title":"Effectiveness of recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"39","author":"Kochhar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab125","article-title":"Recombinant Zoster Vaccine (Shingrix): Real-World Effectiveness in the First 2 Years Post-Licensure","volume":"73","author":"Izurieta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab121","article-title":"Effectiveness of the Recombinant Zoster Vaccine in Adults Aged 50 and Older in the United States: A Claims-Based Cohort Study","volume":"73","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.04.017","article-title":"Effectiveness of the Recombinant Zoster Vaccine for Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus in the United States","volume":"128","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofac011","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac011","article-title":"Herpes Zoster Following Recombinant Zoster Vaccine with or Without Concomitant Vaccination","volume":"9","author":"Bruxvoort","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.07.023","article-title":"Efficacy of Recombinant Zoster Vaccine in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"20","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofad137","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad137","article-title":"Increased Myocardial Infarction Risk Following Herpes Zoster Infection","volume":"10","author":"Parameswaran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1335","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac549","article-title":"Increased Stroke Risk Following Herpes Zoster Infection and Protection with Zoster Vaccine","volume":"76","author":"Parameswaran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix481","article-title":"Immunogenicity and Safety of an Adjuvanted Herpes Zoster Subunit Vaccine Coadministered with Seasonal Influenza Vaccine in Adults Aged 50 Years or Older","volume":"216","author":"Schwarz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.05.110","article-title":"Immunogenicity and safety of the adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine co-administered with the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in adults \u226550 years of age: A randomized trial","volume":"36","author":"Lal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.08.001","article-title":"The adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine co-administered with a tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis vaccine in adults aged \u226550 years: A randomized trial","volume":"37","author":"Strezova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.12.033","article-title":"The adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine co-administered with the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in adults aged \u226550 years: A randomized trial","volume":"84","author":"Min","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad361","article-title":"No immunological interference or safety concerns when adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine is coadministered with a COVID-19 mRNA-1273 booster vaccine in adults aged 50 years and older: A randomized trial","volume":"77","author":"Naficy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2187194","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2023.2187194","article-title":"Immunogenicity and safety of the non-typable Haemophilus influenzae-Moraxella catarrhalis (NTHi-Mcat) vaccine administered following the recombinant zoster vaccine versus administration alone: Results from a randomized, phase 2a, non-inferiority trial","volume":"19","author":"Galgani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.09.073","article-title":"Long-term immunogenicity and safety of an investigational herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults","volume":"34","author":"Chlibek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2018.1442162","article-title":"Persistence of immune response to an adjuvanted varicella-zoster virus subunit vaccine for up to year nine in older adults","volume":"14","author":"Schwarz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa300","article-title":"Immunogenicity of the Adjuvanted Recombinant Zoster Vaccine: Persistence and Anamnestic Response to Additional Doses Administered 10 Years After Primary Vaccination","volume":"224","author":"Hastie","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab580","article-title":"Cell-Mediated Immune Responses After Administration of the Live or the Recombinant Zoster Vaccine: 5-Year Persistence","volume":"225","author":"Johnson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad132","article-title":"Predictors of Five-Year Persistence of Antibody Responses to Zoster Vaccines","volume":"228","author":"Weinberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, Y., Zhang, X., Zhang, L., and Fu, C. (2022). Efficacy, effectiveness, and safety of herpes zoster vaccine in the immunocompetent and immunocompromised subjects: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.978203"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.07.049","article-title":"A systematic literature review of the recombinant subunit herpes zoster vaccine use in immunocompromised 18\u201349 year old patients","volume":"38","author":"Racine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e263","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(22)00039-3","article-title":"Post-licensure zoster vaccine effectiveness against herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Mbinta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-023-02127-7","article-title":"Efficacy and effectiveness of Herpes zoster vaccination in adults with diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials and observational studies","volume":"60","author":"Silverii","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"k4029","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k4029","article-title":"Efficacy, effectiveness, and safety of herpes zoster vaccines in adults aged 50 and older: Systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"363","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvacx.2023.100397","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of the recombinant zoster vaccine: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Zeevaert","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccine X"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"CD008858","article-title":"Vaccines for preventing herpes zoster in older adults","volume":"10","author":"Gagliardi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2016.1265715","article-title":"Immunogenicity and safety of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit candidate vaccine in adults \u226550 years of age with a prior history of herpes zoster: A phase III, non-randomized, open-label clinical trial","volume":"13","author":"Godeaux","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.31909","article-title":"Immunogenicity and safety of the adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine in patients with solid tumors, vaccinated before or during chemotherapy: A randomized trial","volume":"125","author":"Vink","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz177","article-title":"Immunogenicity and Safety of the Adjuvanted Recombinant Zoster Vaccine in Chronically Immunosuppressed Adults Following Renal Transplant: A Phase 3, Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"70","author":"Vink","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.03.043","article-title":"Safety profile of the adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine: Pooled analysis of two large randomised phase 3 trials","volume":"37","author":"Campora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2021.6227","article-title":"Risk of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome Following Recombinant Zoster Vaccine in Medicare Beneficiaries","volume":"181","author":"Goud","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"GlaxoSmithKline (2024, May 09). GSK Pricing Information. Available online: https:\/\/www.gskforyou.com\/gsk-pricing-information\/."}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/13\/3\/250\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:43:39Z","timestamp":1760028219000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/13\/3\/250"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines13030250"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines13030250","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]}}}