{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T18:30:42Z","timestamp":1786559442774,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objective: Historically, immunization programs have focused on infants, children, and women of reproductive age. COVID-19 vaccination prompted countries to vaccinate adults. The objective of this manuscript is to provide a global overview of adult immunization policies post COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We summarized WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE) recommendations by adult group and analyzed the data reported in 2024 (2023) by WHO Member States (MS) via the WHO\/UNICEF electronic Joint Reporting Form on Immunization (eJRF) on national immunization schedules, and from other sources by WHO region and income group. Results: WHO policy recommendations exist for most of the licensed vaccines targeting adults; however, the inclusion in national immunization schedules is higher in high-income (HICs) and middle-income (MICs) countries. For pregnant women, 90% of MS reported vaccination against COVID-19 (65% in low-income countries [LICs]), 63% against tetanus-containing vaccines (73% in LICs), 57% against influenza (4% in LICs), and 21% against pertussis-containing vaccines (all MICs and HICs). For health workers, 91% against COVID-19 (92% in LICs), 59% against influenza (4% in LICs), and 25% against hepatitis B (10% in LICs). For adults with chronic diseases, COVID-19 vaccination data were not available, 58% against influenza, and 23% against pneumococcal disease. For older adults, more than 90% of MS across all income groups reported COVID-19 vaccination, 59% against influenza (8% of LICs versus 89% of HICs), 17% against pneumococcal, and 7% against herpes zoster (HZ). Conclusion: The disparities in adult immunization policies across income groups highlight the need to improve access and strengthen vaccination efforts. A life course approach is essential to maximize the full potential of immunization across all ages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13040401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T10:05:51Z","timestamp":1744365951000},"page":"401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Global Status of Adult Immunization Post COVID-19 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Alba","family":"Vilajeliu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals (IVB), World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8507-7899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals (IVB), World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randie","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals (IVB), World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0901-7568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Nogareda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Program Comprehensive Immunization, Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)\/World Health Organization Regional Office for the Americas, Washington, DC 20037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine-Preventable Diseases and Immunization Unit, Division of Programmes for Disease Control, World Health Organization, Regional Office for Western Pacific, Manila 1000, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5914-3686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donald J.","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemic and Pandemic Threat Management, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1273-4779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles Shey","family":"Wiysonge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Programme, World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville P.O. Box 06, Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osman Niyazi","family":"Cakmak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine-Preventable Diseases and Immunization Programme, World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3110-653X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osama","family":"Mere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunization Vaccine Preventable Disease and Polio Transition Unit, Department of Communicable Diseases and Universal Health Coverage, World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo 11371, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6800-760X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melanie","family":"Marti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals (IVB), World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0105-8899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phillip","family":"Lambach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals (IVB), World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Shendale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals (IVB), World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcela","family":"Contreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Program Comprehensive Immunization, Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)\/World Health Organization Regional Office for the Americas, Washington, DC 20037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3870-7525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Njambe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunizations and Vaccines Development, World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia, New Delhi 110002, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3912-2550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin Grace","family":"Sparrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals (IVB), World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3271-6033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joachim","family":"Hombach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals (IVB), World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8271-9486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann","family":"Lindstrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals (IVB), World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.11.039","article-title":"Leaving No One behind: Defining and Implementing an Integrated Life Course Approach to Vaccination across the next Decade as Part of the Immunization Agenda 2030","volume":"42","author":"Wallace","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.005","article-title":"Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic on Vaccine-Preventable Disease Campaigns","volume":"119","author":"Ho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. 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