{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T22:57:25Z","timestamp":1768258645794,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC2303502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2303502"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SKLPBS2224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLPBS2224"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82341046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82341046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity","award":["2022YFC2303502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2303502"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity","award":["SKLPBS2224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLPBS2224"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity","award":["82341046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82341046"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC2303502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2303502"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SKLPBS2224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLPBS2224"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82341046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82341046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, poses a significant threat to human health. Vaccines designed for T-cell epitopes play an important role in eliminating the virus. However, T cell epitope screening often requires the use of a large number of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from infected or convalescent patients, and if MHC humanized mice can be used for epitope screening, they will not have to wait for enough PBMCs to be available to screen for epitopes, thus buying time for epitope confirmation and vaccine design. Methods: In this study, we used SARS-CoV-2 BA.5 to infect HLA-A11\/DR1, C57BL\/6, hACE2 mice, and detected body weight changes, viral load, and pathological changes after infection. Fourteen days after the HLA-A11\/DR1 and C57BL\/6 mice were immunized against inactivated viruses, IgG antibodies were detected in mouse serum using ELISA, and IFN-\u03b3 produced by peptide stimulation of splenocytes was detected by ELISpot. Results: There is no obvious pathogenic phenotype of SARS-CoV-2 infection in HLA-A11\/DR1 mice. Specific IgG antibodies were detected in serum after immunization of inactivated virus in both HLA-A11\/DR1 and C57BL\/6 mice, but specific IFN-\u03b3 was detected in splenocytes of HLA-A11\/DR1 mice. Conclusions: Although HLA-A11\/DR1 mice are unable to replicate the virus effectively in vivo, they are able to generate cellular immune responses after immunization inactivated viruses. Therefore, it can be used as a tool to substitute for human PBMCs in epitope screening, thus shortening the timeliness of T cell epitope screening and obtaining the immunogenicity information of new epitopes in a timely manner.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13040416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T10:49:54Z","timestamp":1744714194000},"page":"416","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Humanized Major Histocompatibility Complex Transgenic Mouse Model Can Play a Potent Role in SARS-CoV-2 Human Leukocyte Antigen-Restricted T Cell Epitope Screening"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jiejie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feimin","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuelian","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keyu","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China"},{"name":"Public Health School, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4218-8641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haisheng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanxiong","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dongmei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wanbo","family":"Tai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen 518132, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6088-2293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiantian","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China"},{"name":"Public Health School, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuwei","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China"},{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangyu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"84","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2: Basic concepts, origin and treatment advances","volume":"157","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gac. 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