{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T11:16:28Z","timestamp":1788520588690,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","award":["G:231-247-1441"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G:231-247-1441"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dendritic cells (DCs) are major contributors to generating an effective immune response due to their ability to present antigens to T cells. Recently, nanoparticles have been widely used in different medical applications, such as drug-delivery systems, to enhance the function of impaired immune cells. Objectives: This research aims to develop an effective antitumor DC-based vaccine by adsorption of chitosan-nanoparticles (CH-NPs) onto DCs. Methods: Undifferentiated mouse bone marrow progenitor cells were differentiated into mature DCs using cytokines and lipopolysaccharides. CH-NPs were prepared using the ionic gelation method and subsequently used to coat the stimulated DCs. The MTT assay was employed to assess the cytotoxicity of all formulations. To compare the antitumor effect of CH-NPs, DCs, and DCs-CH-NPs, mice were divided into five groups and injected with the respective vaccine formulations. Following immunization, flow cytometry was used to analyze DC and CD4+ T cell activation in blood and spleen tissues. Histological samples from the spleen and lymph nodes were also collected. Results: Our findings show that co-stimulatory molecules CD80\/CD86 and the DC maturation marker CD83 were upregulated in the vaccinated DCs, indicating their maturation. Moreover, CD83, CD11c, and MHC-II were upregulated in blood and spleen samples in vivo. The DC-CH-NPs vaccinated group had a higher mean percentage of CD83 expression in blood samples (76.7 \u00b1 17.1) compared to the DCs group (47.7 \u00b1 11.0) and the CH-NPs group (37.7 \u00b1 8.6). DC markers, particularly CD83, were highly expressed in spleen samples. Additionally, the DC-CH-NPs vaccinated group had a significantly higher number of CD4+ T cells (MFI = 26.1 \u00b1 2.3) compared to the DCs (18.6 \u00b1 1.6) and CH-NPs (13.3 \u00b1 1.4) groups. Conclusions: The present study concludes that the DC-CH-NPs vaccine formulation can induce a potent in vivo immune response. These data may provide valuable insights for developing effective delivery systems for antitumor vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13050474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T09:00:39Z","timestamp":1745917239000},"page":"474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Impact of Chitosan Nanoparticles-Coated Dendritic Cell-Based Vaccine as Cancer Immunotherapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7803-2078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jehan S.","family":"Alrahimi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Immunology Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5603-1661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Najla S.","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9599-050X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alia M.","family":"Aldahlawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Immunology Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5251-559X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatemah S.","family":"Basingab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Immunology Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0909-6558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kawther A.","family":"Zaher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akk\u0131n, S., Varan, G., and Bilensoy, E. 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