{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T20:50:17Z","timestamp":1789505417807,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Roche d.o.o. Beograd","award":["ML43965"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ML43965"]}]},{"name":"Roche d.o.o. Beograd","award":["451-03-66\/2024-03\/200007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-66\/2024-03\/200007"]}]},{"name":"Roche d.o.o. Beograd","award":["451-03-137\/2025-03\/200110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-137\/2025-03\/200110"]}]},{"name":"Roche d.o.o. Beograd","award":["7742898"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7742898"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development, and Innovations, Republic of Serbia","award":["ML43965"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ML43965"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development, and Innovations, Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-66\/2024-03\/200007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-66\/2024-03\/200007"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development, and Innovations, Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-137\/2025-03\/200110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-137\/2025-03\/200110"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development, and Innovations, Republic of Serbia","award":["7742898"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7742898"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016047","name":"Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ML43965"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ML43965"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016047","name":"Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["451-03-66\/2024-03\/200007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-66\/2024-03\/200007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016047","name":"Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["451-03-137\/2025-03\/200110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-137\/2025-03\/200110"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016047","name":"Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7742898"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7742898"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The aim of our study was to investigate B cell and T cell responses in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) treated with ocrelizumab, a humanized anti-CD20 antibody, who were vaccinated with second and\/or booster doses of various vaccine brands against COVID-19. Additionally, we detected the outcomes related to COVID-19 in PwMS after vaccination, based on follow-up for at least 12 months. Methods: We enrolled 91 PwMS on ocrelizumab and 42 healthy controls (HCs) in a prospective, single-center study, conducted at the Clinic of Neurology, UCCS, between January 2022 and October 2024. The serological responses were measured using the spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) Architect SARS-CoV-2 IgG Quant kit (Abbot), and cellular responses were measured by quantifying IFN-\u03b3 secretion in blood incubated with SARS-CoV-2 antigens. Results: A total of 58.2% (53\/91) of PwMS on ocrelizumab and 100% of the HCs (42\/42) were seropositive after a second or booster vaccination (p &lt; 0.001), irrespective of the vaccine brand received. Anti-spike antibody levels were significantly lower in PwMS on ocrelizumab compared to the HCs (p &lt; 0.001), again irrespective of the vaccine type. Interferon-\u03b3 responses were detected in 95.6% of the PwMS receiving ocrelizumab therapy and 97.6% of HCs after vaccination (p = 0.570). In our cohort, PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections after vaccination occurred in a similar proportion of the PwMS (45\/91, 49.5%) and HCs (15\/32, 46.9%) (p = 0.139). Most of the PwMS (36\/45, 79.2%) and HCs (13\/15, 87.8%) had COVID-19 of mild severity. Conclusions: PwMS treated with ocrelizumab developed diminished humoral and robust cellular responses following two and three SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations. The obtained immunity after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination may translate into lower incidence and severity of COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13050488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T05:50:17Z","timestamp":1745992217000},"page":"488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Vaccine-Induced Humoral and Cellular Response to SARS-CoV-2 in Multiple Sclerosis Patients on Ocrelizumab"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4516-3458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jelena","family":"Drulovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Neurology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9924-0734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivera","family":"Tamas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Neurology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neda","family":"Nikolovski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biological Research \u201cSinisa Stankovic\u201d, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikola","family":"Momcilovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Neurology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanja","family":"Radisic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Neurology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marko","family":"Andabaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Neurology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1076-0543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bojan","family":"Jevtic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biological Research \u201cSinisa Stankovic\u201d, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7658-1994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Goran","family":"Stegnjaic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biological Research \u201cSinisa Stankovic\u201d, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milica","family":"Lazarevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biological Research \u201cSinisa Stankovic\u201d, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikola","family":"Veselinovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Neurology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Budimkic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Neurology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarlota","family":"Mesaros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Neurology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5613-9306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Djordje","family":"Miljkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biological Research \u201cSinisa Stankovic\u201d, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7978-1409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatjana","family":"Pekmezovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2025, January 19). 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