{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:15:49Z","timestamp":1787030149679,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["UM1AI148684"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1AI148684"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["UM1AI148685"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1AI148685"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The recent global outbreak with clade IIb and the concurrent emergence of clade I mpox virus in Africa show that mpox is a challenging problem. MVA-BN induces low-level mpox-neutralizing antibody responses that wane rapidly. This study was conducted to compare the mpox immunity induced by a replication-competent smallpox vaccine and non-replicating MVA-BN. Methods: Stored sera (n = 302) and PBMCs (n = 244) collected pre-vaccination and at five post-vaccination time points in MVA-BN and six post-vaccination time points in Dryvax clinical trials were used. Antibody titers that neutralized at least 50% of mpox in cell culture were determined by the focus reduction neutralization test (FRNT) 50, and the mpox-specific T cell responses were measured using an IFN-\u03b3 ELISPOT assay. Results: The peak geometric fold rise (95% CI) (i.e., the maximum GMFR across all study visits) in the mpox FRNT50 for subcutaneous (SC) MVA-BN, intradermal (ID) MVA-BN, and Dryvax was 22.1 (8.3, 59.1), 18.5 (8.0, 43.1), and 245.8 (100.4, 601.6), respectively. The GMFR at day 180 post-vaccination for MVA-BN (SC), MVA-BN (ID), and Dryvax was 2.4, 2.7, and 64, respectively. The mean (95% CI) peak number of mpox-specific IFN-\u03b3-producing SFCs was 127 (43.1, 238.3), 87.3 (46, 137), and 61.2 (44.3, 77.7) for MVA-BN (SC), MVA-BN (ID), and Dryvax, respectively. On day 180, the mean SFCs in the three groups decreased to 10.8 (\u221234.4, 3.8), 3.3 (\u22126.2, 18.6), and 2.2 (\u22129, 12.5), respectively. Conclusions: The peak mpox-neutralizing antibody titer was &gt;10-fold lower in MVA-BN recipients compared to those who received a replication-competent smallpox vaccine, and the level at day 180 was &gt;20 times lower in MVA-BN recipients. MVA-BN induced similar or higher T cell responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13050520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T10:27:41Z","timestamp":1747218461000},"page":"520","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Differences in Mpox and Vaccinia Immunity Induced by Non-Replicating and Replicating Vaccinia-Based Vaccines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7825-2422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Getahun","family":"Abate","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krystal","family":"Meza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinyi","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chase","family":"Colbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Jaunarajs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EMMES, Rockville, MD 20850, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azra","family":"Blazevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8921-4093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel F.","family":"Hoft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon E.","family":"Frey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.09.037","article-title":"Smallpox vaccines: Past, present, and future","volume":"118","author":"Parrino","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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