{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T12:49:28Z","timestamp":1790599768761,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russian Federation","award":["#075-15-2021-104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#075-15-2021-104"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The recent COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection has highlighted the need for protocols for rapid development of efficient screening methods to search for the optimal mRNA vaccine structures against mutable viral agents. The unmatched success of mRNA vaccines by Pfizer and Moderna encoding the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 confirms the potential of lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery for an accelerated development of new vaccines. The efficacy of vaccination and the production cost of mRNA-based vaccines largely depend on the composition of mRNA components, since the synthesis of an immunogenic protein requires precise and efficient translation in vivo. The composition of 5\u2032 and 3\u2032 UTR combinations of mRNA has a strong impact on the translation efficiency. The major objective of this study was to increase the probability of producing the immunogenic protein encoded by vaccine mRNA. For this purpose, we proposed to find a new combination of natural UTRs and, in parallel with that, to design and test the system for in vivo selection of translationally active UTRs. Methods: By using Ribo-Seq analysis, sets of candidate short UTRs were generated. These UTRs were tested both in cell cultures and in mice for effective production of secreted nanoluciferase (NLuc) and the S protein of SARS-CoV-2. A combination of the most effective UTRs was used to generate a prototype of an mRNA vaccine capable of inducing neutralizing antibodies against coronavirus. Results: The usefulness of the selected UTRs for vaccine development was tested by implicating the full-length coding sequence of SARS-CoV-2 S protein to produce the main immunogen. As a result, the system for functional screening of UTRs was created by using the NLuc gene. Conclusions: The proposed approach allows non-invasive quantitative assessment of the translational activity of UTRs in the blood serum of mice. By using the full-length sequence of SARS-CoV-2 S protein as a prototype, we demonstrated that the combination of UTRs selected using our luciferase-based reporter assay induces IgG titers and neutralization rates comparable to those obtained by using UTRs from commercial S-protein-based mRNA vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13050530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T05:11:57Z","timestamp":1747372317000},"page":"530","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Luciferase-Based Approach for Functional Screening of 5\u2032 and 3\u2032 Untranslated Regions of the mRNA Component for mRNA Vaccines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Rubtsova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, 117997 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4669-9545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuliana","family":"Mokrushina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dmitry","family":"Andreev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Poteshnova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5033-360X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikita","family":"Shepelev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariya","family":"Koryagina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Moiseeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7740-282X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Malabuiok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2603-5506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yury","family":"Prokopenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2220-0452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanislav","family":"Terekhov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5371-1656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksander","family":"Chernov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0164-7423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Vodovozova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0384-6568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Smirnov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, 117997 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Endocrinology Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 117292 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Dontsova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, 117997 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 143025 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Gabibov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9175-3013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yury","family":"Rubtsov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110445","article-title":"Human viruses: An ever-increasing list","volume":"604","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RP91745","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.91745","article-title":"Recent evolutionary origin and localized diversity hotspots of mammalian 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