{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:16:14Z","timestamp":1787030174113,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UK Medical Research Council","award":["MR\/T005580\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/T005580\/1"]}]},{"name":"UK Medical Research Council","award":["1R56AG074467-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R56AG074467-01"]}]},{"name":"National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, USA","award":["MR\/T005580\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/T005580\/1"]}]},{"name":"National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, USA","award":["1R56AG074467-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R56AG074467-01"]}]},{"name":"Eisai","award":["MR\/T005580\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/T005580\/1"]}]},{"name":"Eisai","award":["1R56AG074467-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R56AG074467-01"]}]},{"name":"Alzheimer\u2019s education, training, and advice from Biogen, Eisai, and Lilly","award":["MR\/T005580\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/T005580\/1"]}]},{"name":"Alzheimer\u2019s education, training, and advice from Biogen, Eisai, and Lilly","award":["1R56AG074467-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R56AG074467-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding the contribution of human herpesviruses to the aetiology of neurodegenerative diseases is an emerging field of interest. The association of Epstein\u2013Barr virus with multiple sclerosis is the most researched example; however, the definitive proof of causation is still lacking. Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and typically manifests in individuals aged over 65 years; however, it also occurs in a small number of individuals aged less than 65 years. A combination of environmental, genetic, and lifestyle factors is believed to contribute to the development of AD. There have been several reports describing potential associations of infections or reactivations of human alphaherpesviruses with AD. A particular characteristic of human alphaherpesviruses (herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2, varicella zoster virus) is that they are neurotropic and that lifelong infection (latency) is established mainly in the dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia. There have also been reports that suppression of alphaherpesvirus infections through either vaccination or the application of antiviral treatments may be protective against the development of AD. Zoster vaccines and acyclovir may prove to be effective interventions for preventing or limiting the progression of AD. This is particularly relevant as there are currently no available cheap and effective treatments for AD. In this review, the basic virology of human alphaherpesviruses is described followed by their epidemiology and associations with AD. Finally, the prevention and treatment of human alphaherpesviruses are considered in the context of potential applications for the prevention of AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13060572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T08:12:47Z","timestamp":1748419967000},"page":"572","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Human Alpha Herpesviruses Infections (HSV1, HSV2, and VZV), Alzheimer\u2019s Disease, and the Potential Benefits of Targeted Treatment or Vaccination\u2014A Virological Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5534-5191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter A. C.","family":"Maple","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience Academic Unit, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Queen\u2019s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0133-9842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akram A.","family":"Hosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience Academic Unit, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Queen\u2019s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32205-4","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"397","author":"Scheltens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2023.4929","article-title":"Risk factors for young-onset dementia in the UK Biobank","volume":"81","author":"Hendriks","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.14740\/jocmr2106w","article-title":"The epidemiological scale of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Cornutiu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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