{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T19:13:05Z","timestamp":1793387585974,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The emergence of complex and rapidly evolving pathogens necessitates innovative vaccine platforms that move beyond traditional methods. This review explores the transformative potential of next-generation vaccine technologies, focusing on the combined use of synthetic biology, nanotechnology, and systems immunology. Synthetic biology provides modular tools for designing antigenic components with improved immunogenicity, as seen in mRNA, DNA, and peptide-based platforms featuring codon optimization and self-amplifying constructs. At the same time, nanotechnology enables precise antigen delivery and controlled immune activation through engineered nanoparticles such as lipid-based carriers, virus-like particles, and polymeric systems to improve stability, targeting, and dose efficiency. Systems immunology aids these advancements by analyzing immune responses through multi-omics data and computational modeling, which assists in antigen selection, immune profiling, and adjuvant optimization. This approach enhances both humoral and cellular immunity, solving challenges like antigen presentation, response durability, and vaccine personalization. Case studies on SARS-CoV-2, Epstein\u2013Barr virus, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis highlight the practical application of these platforms. Despite promising progress, challenges include scalability, safety evaluation, and ethical concerns with data-driven vaccine designs. Ongoing interdisciplinary collaboration is crucial to fully develop these technologies for strong, adaptable, globally accessible vaccines. This review emphasizes next-generation vaccines as foundational for future immunoprophylaxis, especially against emerging infectious diseases and cancer immunotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13060588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T08:07:58Z","timestamp":1748592478000},"page":"588","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Next-Generation Vaccine Platforms: Integrating Synthetic Biology, Nanotechnology, and Systems Immunology for Improved Immunogenicity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Majid","family":"Eslami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35147-99442, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahram","family":"Fadaee Dowlat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14496-14535, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9968-6245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shayan","family":"Yaghmayee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35147-99442, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1324-191X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anoosha","family":"Habibian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Development Unit, Kowsar Educational, Research and Therapeutic Hospital, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35147-99442, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeedeh","family":"Keshavarzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Development Unit, Kowsar Educational, Research and Therapeutic Hospital, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35147-99442, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5088-3791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentyn","family":"Oksenych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7053-2892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramtin","family":"Naderian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Development Unit, Kowsar Educational, Research and Therapeutic Hospital, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35147-99442, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00479-7","article-title":"A guide to vaccinology: From basic principles to new developments","volume":"21","author":"Pollard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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