{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T22:20:04Z","timestamp":1786746004460,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LY24H290004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY24H290004"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2025KY950"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025KY950"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81701969"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81701969"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Medical and Health Science and Technology Plan","award":["LY24H290004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY24H290004"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Medical and Health Science and Technology Plan","award":["2025KY950"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025KY950"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Medical and Health Science and Technology Plan","award":["81701969"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81701969"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Foundation","award":["LY24H290004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY24H290004"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Foundation","award":["2025KY950"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025KY950"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Foundation","award":["81701969"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81701969"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: This study aims to assess the adjuvant effects of lentinan and its combination with Mn(J), a manganese-based colloidal adjuvant, on the BG (fusion protein BfrB-GrpE of Mycobacterium tuberculosis) subunit vaccine. Methods: A rabbit skin infection model was established to evaluate the immune protection conferred by the BG\u2013lentinan vaccine, the BG\u2013lentinan\/Mn(J) vaccine, and the Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) vaccine against tuberculosis. Rabbits were vaccinated at weeks 0, 2, and 4. Six weeks post-vaccination, antigen-specific IgG levels were measured, followed by a BCG skin challenge. Results: Both the BG\u2013lentinan and BG\u2013lentinan\/Mn(J) vaccines significantly increased antigen-specific IgG levels against BfrB and GrpE in rabbits (p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, these vaccines accelerated the pathological process following BCG infection. The bacterial load in nodules was notably reduced, with the BG\u2013lentinan vaccine group exhibiting the lowest levels (p &lt; 0.01). Conclusions: Lentinan and its combined adjuvant, lentinan\/Mn(J), significantly enhance the immune response elicited by the BG tuberculosis subunit vaccine, providing effective protection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13060597","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T11:40:32Z","timestamp":1748864432000},"page":"597","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Assessment of the Adjuvant Effects of Lentinan on the Tuberculosis Subunit Vaccine BG"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Shuai","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Blood-Stasis-Toxin Syndrome of Zhejiang Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yilin","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Blood-Stasis-Toxin Syndrome of Zhejiang Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Blood-Stasis-Toxin Syndrome of Zhejiang Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuoxuan","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Blood-Stasis-Toxin Syndrome of Zhejiang Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quanjie","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Blood-Stasis-Toxin Syndrome of Zhejiang Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaobing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Huzhou Third Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5367-3813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongxia","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Blood-Stasis-Toxin Syndrome of Zhejiang Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China"},{"name":"School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E20","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00359-7","article-title":"WHO\u2019s Global Tuberculosis Report 2022","volume":"4","author":"Bagcchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00400-4","article-title":"Duration of BCG protection against tuberculosis and change in effectiveness with time since vaccination in Norway: A retrospective population-based cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Heldal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. 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