{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T23:48:33Z","timestamp":1793144913534,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749081600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scottish Government Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services (RESAS) division"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objective: Recently, we published three studies describing the development and optimization of a new, safe, and efficacious vaccine to protect sheep from ovine enzootic abortion, which is caused by the zoonotic pathogen Chlamydia abortus. The vaccine, which can be delivered through a single inoculation, is based on a detergent-extracted outer membrane protein (chlamydial outer membrane complex or COMC) preparation of the pathogen. This study aimed to optimize the vaccine further by comparing the effects of different adjuvants on protective efficacy. Methods: We evaluated the effectiveness of three different vaccines (2.5 \u00b5g COMC) formulated with one of three adjuvants (Montanide ISA 70VG, Montanide ISA 61VG, and QuilA) to reduce the rate of abortion, placental load and pathology, and post-partum vaginal shedding of organisms in comparison to our benchmark 20 \u00b5g COMC\/Montanide ISA 70 VG vaccine and a challenge control group of animals. The humoral and cellular immunological responses to vaccination and to challenge were also assessed. Results: The two low-dose Montanide formulated vaccines resulted in low abortion rates of 3.2 and 8.1% for ISA 70 VG and ISA 61 VG, respectively, which were comparable to the benchmark vaccine group (2.7%) and considerably lower than the QuilA (23.7%) and challenge control (36.8%) groups. Similarly, the Montanide-adjuvanted groups had much lower bacterial loads (range: 136\u2013431 genome copies) on vaginal swabs post-parturition than the QuilA (8.9 \u00d7 104 copies) and challenge control (2.4 \u00d7 105 copies) groups. Conclusions: The results showed that both Montanide adjuvants are more effective for maximizing COMC vaccine efficacy than the QuilA adjuvant and result in much lower bacterial shedding of the pathogen post-parturition, which is important for minimizing potential transmission to na\u00efve animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13060609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T05:49:22Z","timestamp":1749102562000},"page":"609","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of Different Adjuvants on the Protective Efficacy of a Subcellular Vaccine Against Chlamydia abortus Infection in Sheep"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2747-851X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morag","family":"Livingstone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Aitchison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0162-669X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Palarea-Albaladejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio Gast\u00f3n","family":"Caspe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare","family":"Underwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8769-5831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holly","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cameron","family":"Cunnea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Stronach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9962-446X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Chianini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8822-2331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary","family":"Entrican","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2218-5144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean Ranjan","family":"Wattegedera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0086-8443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Longbottom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.62.17.251","article-title":"Enzootic abortion in ewes; transmission of the disease","volume":"62","author":"Stamp","year":"1950","journal-title":"Vet. 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