{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T01:19:34Z","timestamp":1791335974398,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is one of the most prevalent chronic bacterial infections globally, significantly contributing to gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric malignancies. Its pathogenesis involves a complex array of virulence factors\u2014including cagA, vacA, and urease\u2014which facilitate mucosal colonization, immune evasion, and persistent inflammation. A major challenge in vaccine development is the bacterium\u2019s ability to manipulate both innate and adaptive immune responses, resulting in limited natural clearance and long-term persistence. This review synthesizes H. pylori pathogenesis and host immune dynamics, highlighting their implications for vaccine design. By elucidating the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying host\u2013pathogen interactions, we explore how these insights inform antigen selection, adjuvant optimization, and delivery strategies. By integrating basic science with translational objectives, this review aims to support the development of an effective H. pylori vaccine, addressing global health needs, particularly in regions with a high infection burden and limited access to treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13070725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T04:07:17Z","timestamp":1751515637000},"page":"725","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Unraveling Helicobacter pylori: Insights into Pathogenesis, Immune Evasion, and Progress Toward Effective Vaccination"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7726-9532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayman","family":"Elbehiry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, P.O. Box 6666, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1699-6263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eman","family":"Marzouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, P.O. Box 6666, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2294-9837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adil","family":"Abalkhail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, P.O. Box 6666, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.04.022","article-title":"Global prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"153","author":"Hooi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"IARC Working Group on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans (2024). Aspartame, methyleugenol, and isoeugenol. 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