{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:16:06Z","timestamp":1792790166280,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jilin Scientific and the Technological Development Program","award":["20200404195YY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20200404195YY"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: Research on the immunocastration vaccine is of great significance for animal management. In this study, the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) ferritin nanoparticle vaccine was constructed using Spy Catcher-Spy Tag (SC-ST) as a delivery system; Methods: The Spy Catcher was constructed to fuse with the expression vector pET-30a-SF of ferritin nanoparticles. Two polypeptides, STG1: Spy Tag-GnRH I-PADRE and STG2: Spy Tag-GnRH I-GnRH II, coupled to SF in vitro to form two nanoparticles, were designed and synthesized to detect castration effects in mice. We mixed them with the adjuvant MONTANIDE ISA 206 VG to explore the adjuvant\u2019s effect on immunogenicity; Results: All immunized groups produced anti-GnRH specific antibodies after the second immunization, which was significantly higher in the immunized group and the combined adjuvant group than in the control group, and the immune response could still be detected at the 12th week. The concentrations of testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone in serum were significantly decreased. The number of sperm in the epididymis of mice in each immune group was significantly reduced, and the rate of sperm deformity was high; Conclusions: The two ferritin-based GnRH nanoparticles developed in this study can significantly cause testicular atrophy, decreased gonadal hormone concentration, decreased sperm count, and increased deformity rate in male mice. These findings provide experimental evidence supporting their potential application in animal immunocastration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13080781","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T10:49:17Z","timestamp":1753267757000},"page":"781","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Preparation and Immunogenicity Evaluation of a Ferritin-Based GnRH Nanoparticle Vaccine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weihao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9246-4213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Congmei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhe","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1111\/j.8755-8920.2000.440503.x","article-title":"Immunocontraception of white-tailed deer with GnRH vaccine","volume":"44","author":"Miller","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. 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