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Deibel distinguished graduate fellowship in food safety research","award":["R01AI144016-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI144016-01"]}]},{"name":"Robert H. and Carol L. Deibel distinguished graduate fellowship in food safety research","award":["1T32GM135119-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1T32GM135119-01"]}]},{"name":"Robert H. and Carol L. Deibel distinguished graduate fellowship in food safety research","award":["5T32AI007414-27"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5T32AI007414-27"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan found worldwide that is capable of infecting nearly all warm-blooded animals, including humans. Its parasitic success lies in its capacity to create chronic infections while avoiding immune detection, altering host immune responses, and disrupting programmed cell death pathways. This review examines the complex relationship between T. gondii and host immunity, focusing on how the parasite influences innate and adaptive immune responses to survive in immune-privileged tissues. We present recent findings on the immune modulation specific to various parasite strains, the immunopathology caused by imbalanced inflammation, and how the parasite undermines host cell death mechanisms such as apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis. These immune evasion tactics enable prolonged intracellular survival and pose significant challenges for treatment and vaccine development. We also review advancements in therapeutic strategies, including host-directed approaches, nanoparticle drug delivery, and CRISPR-based technologies, along with progress in vaccine development from subunit and DNA vaccines to live-attenuated candidates. This review emphasizes the importance of T. gondii as a model for chronic infections and points out potential avenues for developing innovative therapies and vaccines aimed at toxoplasmosis and similar intracellular pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13080819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T15:09:53Z","timestamp":1754492993000},"page":"819","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Toxoplasma gondii at the Host Interface: Immune Modulation and Translational Strategies for Infection Control"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Billy J.","family":"Erazo Flores","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9362-8088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura J.","family":"Knoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0902-6","article-title":"Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis and Typing of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04769-4","article-title":"Outbreaks of Clinical Toxoplasmosis in Humans: Five Decades of Personal Experience, Perspectives and Lessons Learned","volume":"14","author":"Dubey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S30","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piu077","article-title":"Congenital Toxoplasmosis","volume":"3","author":"McAuley","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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