{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T19:38:20Z","timestamp":1785872300604,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CSCO-Merck Oncology Research Fund","award":["YMSDPU2021-0183"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YMSDPU2021-0183"]}]},{"name":"CSCO-Merck Oncology Research Fund","award":["Y-2019AZQN-0602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y-2019AZQN-0602"]}]},{"name":"CSCO-Pioneer Oncology Research Fund","award":["YMSDPU2021-0183"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YMSDPU2021-0183"]}]},{"name":"CSCO-Pioneer Oncology Research Fund","award":["Y-2019AZQN-0602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y-2019AZQN-0602"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lung cancer remains one of the most prevalent and lethal malignancies worldwide. Although conventional treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy have modestly improved patient survival, their overall efficacy remains limited, and the prognosis is generally poor. In recent years, immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors, has revolutionized cancer treatment. Nevertheless, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, tumor heterogeneity, and immune escape mechanisms significantly restrict the clinical benefit, which falls short of expectations. Within this context, cancer vaccines have emerged as a promising immunotherapeutic strategy. By activating the host immune system to eliminate tumor cells, cancer vaccines offer high specificity, low toxicity, and the potential to induce long-lasting immune memory. These advantages have positioned them as a focal point in cancer immunotherapy research. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of recent clinical advances in lung cancer vaccines, discusses the major challenges impeding their clinical application, and explores potential strategies to overcome these barriers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13080836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T08:33:06Z","timestamp":1754555586000},"page":"836","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Prospects and Challenges of Lung Cancer Vaccines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zhen","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zegang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Chongqing Liangping District People\u2019s Hospital, Liangping, Chongqing 405200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijiao","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yueyun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"229","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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