{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T00:37:45Z","timestamp":1793147865926,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"USDA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Evans-Allen-1013186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Evans-Allen-1013186"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"USDA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018-67016-28313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-67016-28313"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"USDA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020-67016-31347"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-67016-31347"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"USDA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSF-IOS-1831988"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSF-IOS-1831988"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) remains a persistent threat to global poultry production and public health. Current vaccine platforms show limited cross-clade efficacy and often fail to induce mucosal immunity. Recent advances in microbiome research reveal critical roles for gut commensals in modulating vaccine-induced immunity, including enhancement of mucosal IgA production, CD8+ T-cell activation, and modulation of systemic immune responses. Engineered commensal bacteria such as Lactococcus lactis, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus epidermidis have emerged as promising live vectors for antigen delivery. Postbiotic and synbiotic strategies further enhance protective efficacy through targeted modulation of the gut microbiota. Additionally, artificial intelligence (AI)-driven tools enable predictive modeling of host\u2013microbiome interactions, antigen design optimization, and early detection of viral antigenic drift. These integrative technologies offer a new framework for mucosal, broadly protective, and field-deployable vaccines for HPAI control. However, species-specific microbiome variation, ecological safety concerns, and scalable manufacturing remain critical challenges. This review synthesizes emerging evidence on microbiome\u2013immune crosstalk, commensal vector platforms, and AI-enhanced vaccine development, emphasizing the urgent need for One Health integration to mitigate zoonotic adaptation and pandemic emergence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13080837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T08:33:06Z","timestamp":1754555586000},"page":"837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Microbiome\u2013Immune Interaction and Harnessing for Next-Generation Vaccines Against Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Poultry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2980-2854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongming","family":"Sang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A Merritt Blvd, Nashville, TN 37209, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3985-3281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel N.","family":"Nahashon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A Merritt Blvd, Nashville, TN 37209, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4397-7132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard J.","family":"Webby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Studies on the Ecology of Influenza in Animals and Birds, St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3558","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-58882-4","article-title":"Prevention and control of avian influenza virus: Recent advances in diagnostic technologies and surveillance strategies","volume":"16","author":"Niu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. 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