{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T04:17:58Z","timestamp":1773461878583,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Mumps remains a relevant vaccine-preventable disease globally, especially in settings where immunization coverage fluctuates or vaccine-induced immunity wanes. This study aimed to assess long-term trends in mumps incidence, vaccination coverage, clinical outcomes, and demographic characteristics in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina (AP Vojvodina), Serbia, over a 47-year period. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study using surveillance data from the Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina. Analyses included annual mumps incidence rates (1978\u20132024), coverage with mumps-containing vaccines (MuCVs; 1986\u20132024), monthly case counts, and individual-level case data for the 1997\u20132024 period. Variables analyzed included age, month of notification, gender, vaccination status, presence of clinical complications, and the method used for case confirmation. Results: Following the introduction of MuCV in 1986, the mumps incidence markedly declined, with limited resurgences in 2000, 2009, and 2012. Between 1997 and 2024, a total of 1358 cases were reported, with 62.7% occurring in males. Over time, the age distribution shifted, with adolescents and young adults being increasingly affected during the later (2011\u20132024) observed period. In 2012, the highest age-specific incidence was observed among individuals aged 10\u201319 and 20\u201339 years (49.1 and 45.5 per 100,000, respectively). Vaccination coverage for both MuCV doses was suboptimal in several years. The proportion of unvaccinated cases decreased over time, while the proportion with unknown vaccination status increased. Mumps-related complications\u2014such as orchitis, pancreatitis, and meningitis\u2014were rare and predominantly affected unvaccinated individuals: 84.2% of orchitis, 40.0% of pancreatitis, and all meningitis cases. Only two pancreatitis cases (40.0%) were reported after one MMR dose, while fully vaccinated individuals (two doses) had one orchitis case (5.3%) and no other complications. Laboratory confirmation was applied more consistently from 2009 onward, with 49.6% of cases confirmed that year (58 out of 117), and, in several years after 2020, only laboratory-confirmed cases were reported, indicating improved diagnostic capacity. Conclusions: Despite substantial progress in controlling mumps, gaps in vaccine coverage, waning immunity, and incomplete vaccination records continue to pose a risk for mumps transmission. Strengthening routine immunization, ensuring high two-dose MuCV coverage, improving vaccination record keeping, and enhancing laboratory-based case confirmation are critical. Consideration should be given to booster doses in high-risk populations and to conducting a seroepidemiological study to estimate the susceptible population for mumps in AP Vojvodina.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13080839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T08:33:06Z","timestamp":1754555586000},"page":"839","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Mumps Epidemiology in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, Serbia: Long-Term Trends, Immunization Gaps, and Conditions Favoring Future Outbreaks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6923-189X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mioljub","family":"Risti\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9561-7825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Vukovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Smiljana","family":"Raj\u010devi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marko","family":"Koprivica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikica","family":"Agbaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Petrovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, July 03). 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