{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T18:31:13Z","timestamp":1793298673264,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The whole cell pertussis vaccine was introduced in the United States in the 1940s and switched to the acellular pertussis vaccine partially in 1992 and completely in 1997. This study examines the relationship between the resurgence of pertussis in the United States and the change in the type of pertussis vaccines. Methods: Pertussis cases from 1922 to 2024 were obtained from the CDC\u2019s national notifiable disease surveillance system, and vaccination coverage was obtained from the WHO. A trend analysis and Pearson\u2019s correlation test were conducted between the incidence of cases and the coverage of the third and fourth doses of the pertussis vaccine. An ANOVA test and multivariable linear regression were performed to assess the association between the type of vaccine and the number of pertussis cases. Results: The number of cases increased from 4083 in 1992 to 35,435 in 2024, with cyclical outbreaks in 2010, 2012\u20132014, and 2024. The third and fourth doses of pertussis vaccine coverage had mild and moderate correlations with the number of pertussis cases. The vaccine type had a significant association with the number of pertussis cases and stayed significant after adjusting for vaccination coverage. Conclusions: The switch in pertussis vaccine has impacted the epidemiology of pertussis outbreaks in the United States. A combination of factors, such as different types of immune response to vaccines, waning of immunity, and selection of non-vaccine bacterial strains, may explain the observed results. Further research on newer, improved vaccinations or alternative schedules in children needs to be conducted to address the resurgence of pertussis in this study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13080841","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T09:25:52Z","timestamp":1754558752000},"page":"841","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Evaluating the Relationship Between the Introduction of the Acellular Pertussis Vaccine and Whooping Cough Resurgence in the United States"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jeegan","family":"Parikh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8853-4178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ismael","family":"Hoare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Izurieta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Health Sciences, California State University, Dominguez Hills, Carson, CA 90747, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Pertussis|Whooping Cough|Causes and Transmission|CDC, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/pertussis\/about\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.18444","article-title":"Evaluation of the Establishment of Herd Immunity in the Population by means of Serological Surveys and Vaccination Coverage","volume":"8","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. 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