{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T19:11:16Z","timestamp":1790190676709,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023A1515011795"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023A1515011795"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025A1515012622"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025A1515012622"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31972707"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31972707"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023A1515011795"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023A1515011795"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025A1515012622"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025A1515012622"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31972707"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31972707"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background:\u00a0Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a significant opportunistic zoonotic protozoan, presenting a substantial risk to human health and livestock. Consequently, the development of an effective vaccine against toxoplasmosis is imperative. This study focuses on the GRA12 protein as a target for developing a recombinant protein vaccine, with its efficacy evaluated through immunization trials in cats. Methods: We expressed recombinant GRA12 protein in E. coli and immunized cats with the purified antigen. The cats were categorized into four groups: G1 (PBS control), G2 (ISA 201 adjuvant alone), G3 (rGRA12 vaccine), and G4 (rGRA12 combined with ISA 201 adjuvant). All cats underwent subcutaneous immunizations on days 0, 14, and 28. Subsequently, serum levels of IgG (including IgG1 and IgG2a subclasses) and cytokines (IFN-\u03b3, IL-2, TNF-\u03b1, IL-4, IL-10) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Two weeks after the third immunization (42 DPI), each cat was intraperitoneally infected with 1 \u00d7 106T. gondii RH tachyzoites. Oocyst shedding, survival duration, and T. gondii burden were monitored to assess vaccine-induced immunity. Results: The results indicate that immunization with recombinant rGRA12 protein significantly elevated IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a antibody levels in cats. G4 displayed elevated IgG levels post-immunization compared to G1 and G2, with an IgG1\/IgG2a ratio &gt; 1, indicating a mixed Th1\/Th2 immune response. G4 also showed significantly increased IFN-\u03b3, IL-2, TNF-\u03b1, and IL-4 levels compared to G1 (p &lt; 0.05), while IL-10 remained unchanged. After T. gondii infection, total oocyst counts were 4.61 \u00d7 106 (G1), 4.49 \u00d7 106 (G2), 3.58 \u00d7 106 (G3), and 2.59 \u00d7 106 (G4), with G3\/G4 showing 20.1\u201327.9% reduction relative to G1 (p &lt; 0.05). Survival analysis revealed that groups G3 and G4 exhibited significantly longer median survival times (38 and 60 days, respectively; G4 with no mortality) compared to G1 and G2 (19 and 26 days, respectively). Additionally, parasite burdens in the brain, heart, lungs, liver, and spleen were significantly reduced in G3\/G4 compared to G1\/G2 (p &lt; 0.01). Conclusions: In summary, the recombinant GRA12 vaccine significantly enhanced host survival and reduced parasite burden, demonstrating its potential as an effective toxoplasmosis vaccine candidate. These findings provide valuable data for future toxoplasmosis vaccine development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13080851","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T11:02:09Z","timestamp":1754910129000},"page":"851","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of a Recombinant Toxoplasma gondii GRA12 Vaccine in Domestic Cats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jinru","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science, Shenyang University, Shenyang 110044, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linchong","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yining","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zipeng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liulu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongjie","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1975-3454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasser","family":"Mahmmod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Lewyt College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, 720 Northern Boulevard, Brookville, NY 11548, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiu-Xiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3592-4743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziguo","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science, Shenyang University, Shenyang 110044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2008.00345.x","article-title":"The history of Toxoplasma gondii\u2014The first 100 years","volume":"55","author":"Dubey","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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