{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:38:34Z","timestamp":1768783114386,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UR-ARES Institutional Support Programme 2022\u20132027","award":["ARES-COOP-CONV-22-099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ARES-COOP-CONV-22-099"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Respiratory viral infections such as influenza, COVID-19, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are considered as major public health threats in Africa. Despite global advancements in vaccine development, persistent inequities in access, delivery infrastructure, and public trust limit the continent\u2019s capacity to control these diseases effectively. This review aimed at providing insights on challenges, efforts, impacts, and opportunities for the future related to vaccination against respiratory viral infections in Africa. Methods: This narrative review synthesizes the peer-reviewed literature and global health reports to examine vaccination efforts against respiratory viruses in Africa. The analysis focuses on disease burden, vaccine coverage, barriers to uptake, enabling factors, progress in local vaccine production, and strategies for integrating vaccines into national immunization programs (NIPs). Results: Respiratory vaccines have significantly reduced hospitalizations and mortality among high-risk groups in African countries. Nonetheless, key challenges, including limited cold chain capacity, vaccine hesitancy, donor-reliant supply chains, and under-resourced health systems, continue to undermine vaccine delivery. Successful interventions include community mobilization, use of mobile health technologies, and leveraging existing immunization platforms. Emerging initiatives in local vaccine manufacturing, including Rwanda\u2019s modular mRNA facility and Senegal\u2019s Institut Pasteur, signal a shift toward regional self-reliance. Conclusions: Maximizing the impact of respiratory vaccines in Africa requires a multifaceted strategy: integrating vaccines into NIPs, strengthening domestic production, expanding cold chain and digital infrastructure, and addressing sociocultural barriers through community-driven communication. These efforts are essential to achieving vaccine equity, health resilience, and pandemic preparedness across the continent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13090888","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T07:41:45Z","timestamp":1755848505000},"page":"888","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Review of Insights on Vaccination Against Respiratory Viral Infections in Africa: Challenges, Efforts, Impacts, and Opportunities for the Future"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4371-040X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Gasana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, School of Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Remera Campus-KG 11\u00a0Ave. 47, Kigali P.O. Box 4285, Rwanda"},{"name":"Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7813-6440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noel","family":"Gahamanyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali P.O. Box 7162, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7871-3954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Augustin","family":"Nzitakera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, School of Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Remera Campus-KG 11\u00a0Ave. 47, Kigali P.O. Box 4285, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3430-9930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Farnir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9440-0993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Desmecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Pathology, Department of Morphology and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Li\u00e8ge, 20 Boulevard de Colonster, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5308-3706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leon","family":"Mutesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human Genetics, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Remera Campus-KG 11 Ave. 47, Kigali P.O. Box 4285, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boncristiani, H., Criado, M., and Arruda, E. (2009). Respiratory viruses. Encyclopedia of Microbiology 500, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012373944-5.00314-X"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.113194","article-title":"The traditional use of southern African medicinal plants in the treatment of viral respiratory diseases: A review of the ethnobotany and scientific evaluations","volume":"262","author":"Cock","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Doorn, H.R., and Yu, H. (2020). Viral respiratory infections. 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