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Conventional treatments, while effective in certain contexts, face limitations due to tumor heterogeneity, therapeutic resistance, and relapse. Recent advances in cancer immunotherapy, particularly in the development of personalized mRNA and DNA-based vaccines, have opened new avenues for precise and durable antitumor responses. These vaccines are being developed to leverage neoantigen identification and next-generation sequencing technologies, with the goal of tailoring immunotherapeutic interventions to individual tumor profiles. mRNA vaccines offer rapid, non-integrative, and scalable, with encouraging results reported in infectious diseases and early-phase cancer trials. DNA vaccines, known for their stability and ease of modification, show promise in generating robust cytotoxic T-cell responses. This review discusses the current landscape, preclinical findings, and ongoing clinical trials of mRNA and DNA-based vaccines in GU cancers, highlighting delivery technologies, combination strategies with immune checkpoint inhibitors, and future challenges, including tumor immune evasion and regulatory hurdles. Integrating immunogenomics and artificial intelligence into vaccine design is poised to further enhance precision in cancer vaccine development. As GU malignancies remain a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality, mRNA and DNA vaccine strategies represent a promising and rapidly evolving area of investigation in oncology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13090899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T06:26:31Z","timestamp":1756189591000},"page":"899","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["mRNA and DNA-Based Vaccines in Genitourinary Cancers: A New Frontier in Personalized Immunotherapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jasmine","family":"Vohra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vidyalankar Institute of Technology, Mumbai 400037, India"},{"name":"INCT UroGen, National Institute of Science, Technology and Innovation in Genitourinary Cancer (INCT), Campinas 13083-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3386-8581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela Rodrigues","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INCT UroGen, National Institute of Science, Technology and Innovation in Genitourinary Cancer (INCT), Campinas 13083-970, Brazil"},{"name":"Immuno-Oncology Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, PUC-Campinas, Campinas 13034-685, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2092-414X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo O.","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INCT UroGen, National Institute of Science, Technology and Innovation in Genitourinary Cancer (INCT), Campinas 13083-970, Brazil"},{"name":"Immuno-Oncology Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, PUC-Campinas, Campinas 13034-685, Brazil"},{"name":"UroScience and Department of Surgery (Urology), School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas 13083-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"229","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA A Cancer J. 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