{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T23:34:47Z","timestamp":1793835287347,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation","award":["OPP50419"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP50419"]}]},{"name":"Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation","award":["R01AI106878"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI106878"]}]},{"name":"Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation","award":["D43 TW005572"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43 TW005572"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["OPP50419"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP50419"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["R01AI106878"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI106878"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["D43 TW005572"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43 TW005572"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP50419"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP50419"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI106878"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI106878"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D43 TW005572"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43 TW005572"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Cholera remains a significant global health challenge. Shanchol (ShantaBiotech, India), one of the WHO prequalified Oral Cholera Vaccines (OCVs) available until recently, has been used to immunize people as a two-dose regimen (14 days apart, on day 0 and 14). However, growing evidence suggests that a single-dose strategy may mediate short-term protection, especially in those over 5 years of age. Hence, it is crucial to design a suitable and effective administration scheme for Shanchol, particularly in cholera-endemic regions. Methods: In this study, adult volunteers were vaccinated with either a single dose, a two-dose regimen with a 14-day interval, or a two-dose regiment with a 30-day interval. We studied the antigen-specific helper memory (CD4+CD45RO+) and cytotoxic memory (CD8+CD45RO+) T cells responses of vaccinees along with the specific mucosal immune responses to gut-homing \u00df7 lipopolysaccharides (LPSs). Results: By day 7 post-vaccination, Shanchol induced robust helper and cytotoxic memory T cell responses to V. cholerae membrane protein (AKI-MP) following a single dose of vaccination. In the two-dose groups, we observed a significant elevation of AKI-MP-specific responses after the 2nd dose. We found that circulatory gut homing (\u03b27+) LPS-specific IgA responses of antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) peaked at D7 among all vaccine groups. Moreover, we observed that \u03b27+ LPS-specific ASCs at D7 significantly correlated with the LPS-specific antibody titer in plasma. Conclusions: These findings suggest that a single dose of OCV in adults induces immune responses comparable to a two-dose regimen, suggesting a single-dose vaccination may be adequate to mediate protection against cholera in cholera endemic zones\u2014especially in reactive campaigns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13090919","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T09:08:52Z","timestamp":1756458532000},"page":"919","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluation of Cholera Antigen-Specific Gut-Homing \u03b27-Positive Antibody-Secreting Cells in the Systemic Circulation of Oral Cholera Vaccinees Receiving Doses at Different Intervals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Polash Chandra","family":"Karmakar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"icddr,b (International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasheduzzaman","family":"Rashu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"icddr,b (International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Rubel","family":"Hoq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"icddr,b (International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umme","family":"Salma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"icddr,b (International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamrul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"icddr,b (International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nusrat","family":"Jahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"icddr,b (International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoshin Sharmin","family":"Nishat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"icddr,b (International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aklima","family":"Akter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"icddr,b (International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sultana Rownok","family":"Jahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"icddr,b (International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2367-7368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pinki","family":"Dash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"icddr,b (International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6333-6535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amit","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"icddr,b (International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward T.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Firdausi","family":"Qadri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"icddr,b (International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3755-4763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taufiqur Rahman","family":"Bhuiyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"icddr,b (International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2024). Cholera, WHO."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S137","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy486","article-title":"Global Cholera Epidemiology: Opportunities to Reduce the Burden of Cholera by 2030","volume":"218","author":"Legros","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0218.84142","article-title":"Emergence of Vibrio cholerae Serotype Hikojima in Northern Tamil Nadu","volume":"36","author":"Chandralekha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J. Community Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00647-15","article-title":"O-Specific Polysaccharide-Specific Memory B Cell Responses in Young Children, Older Children, and Adults Infected with Vibrio cholerae O1 Ogawa in Bangladesh","volume":"23","author":"Aktar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2566","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.7.2566","article-title":"Serotype conversion in Vibrio cholerae O1","volume":"89","author":"Stroeher","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1993.1046","article-title":"Occurrence of 2-O-methyl-N-(3-deoxy-L-glycero-tetronyl)-D-perosamine (4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-manno-pyranose) in lipopolysaccharide from Ogawa but not from Inaba O forms of O1 Vibrio cholerae","volume":"190","author":"Hisatsune","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2777","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.5.2777","article-title":"On the antigenic determinants of the lipopolysaccharides of Vibrio cholerae O:1, serotypes Ogawa and Inaba","volume":"273","author":"Wang","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-777X.77297","article-title":"Vaccination strategies to combat an infectious globe: Oral cholera vaccines","volume":"3","author":"Plaza","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Glob. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akter, A., Dash, P., Aktar, A., Jahan, S.R., Afrin, S., Basher, S.R., Hakim, A., Lisa, A.K., Chowdhury, F., and Khan, A.I. (2019). Induction of systemic, mucosal and memory antibody responses targeting Vibrio cholerae O1 O-specific polysaccharide (OSP) in adults following oral vaccination with an oral killed whole cell cholera vaccine in Bangladesh. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007634"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.08.075","article-title":"A randomized, non-inferiority trial comparing two bivalent killed, whole cell, oral cholera vaccines (Euvichol vs Shanchol) in the Philippines","volume":"33","author":"Baik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.4.1387-1394.1997","article-title":"Comparison of the oral, rectal, and vaginal immunization routes for induction of antibodies in rectal and genital tract secretions of women","volume":"65","author":"Kozlowski","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115270","article-title":"Intestinal immune responses in humans. Oral cholera vaccination induces strong intestinal antibody responses and interferon-gamma production and evokes local immunological memory","volume":"88","author":"Quiding","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"39","article-title":"Cholera antibody production in vitro by peripheral blood lymphocytes following oral immunization of humans and mice","volume":"62","author":"Lycke","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.2.574","article-title":"Homing potentials of circulating lymphocytes in humans depend on the site of activation: Oral, but not parenteral, typhoid vaccination induces circulating antibody-secreting cells that all bear homing receptors directing them to the gut","volume":"158","author":"Kantele","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2007.14","article-title":"Differentiation and homing of IgA-secreting cells","volume":"1","author":"Mora","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-023-00897-3","article-title":"Memory B cells","volume":"24","author":"Inoue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1759(03)00111-X","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a flow-cytometric assay of specific cell-mediated immune response in activated whole blood for the detection of cell-mediated immunity against varicella-zoster virus","volume":"277","author":"Svahn","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.75.3.1237","article-title":"Cell-cell interactions in conjugating Escherichia coli: Purification of F pili with biological activity","volume":"75","author":"Helmuth","year":"1978","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2013.058","article-title":"Enzyme-linked immunospot assays for direct ex vivo measurement of vaccine-induced human humoral immune responses in blood","volume":"8","author":"Saletti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"WHO (2013). Cholera, WHO."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"WHO (2014). Cholera Annual Report, WHO."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)90080-O","article-title":"Field trial of oral cholera vaccines in Bangladesh: Results from three-year follow-up","volume":"335","author":"Clemens","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0183","article-title":"Use of oral cholera vaccine in Haiti: A rural demonstration project","volume":"89","author":"Ivers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luquero, F.J., Grout, L., Ciglenecki, I., Sakoba, K., Traore, B., Heile, M., Dialo, A.A., Itama, C., Serafini, M., and Legros, D. (2013). First outbreak response using an oral cholera vaccine in Africa: Vaccine coverage, acceptability and surveillance of adverse events, Guinea, 2012. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002465"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.05.038","article-title":"Perceptions of oral cholera vaccine and reasons for full, partial and non-acceptance during a humanitarian crisis in South Sudan","volume":"34","author":"Peprah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sur, D., Kanungo, S., Sah, B., Manna, B., Ali, M., Paisley, A.M., Niyogi, S.K., Park, J.K., Sarkar, B., and Puri, M.K. (2011). Efficacy of a low-cost, inactivated whole-cell oral cholera vaccine: Results from 3 years of follow-up of a randomized, controlled trial. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001289"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanungo, S., Desai, S.N., Nandy, R.K., Bhattacharya, M.K., Kim, D.R., Sinha, A., Mahapatra, T., Yang, J.S., Lopez, A.L., and Manna, B. (2015). Flexibility of oral cholera vaccine dosing-a randomized controlled trial measuring immune responses following alternative vaccination schedules in a cholera hyper-endemic zone. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003574"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2017.1342908","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of the killed bivalent (O1 and O139) whole-cell cholera vaccine in the Philippines","volume":"13","author":"Capeding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin Immunother."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5090","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00793-09","article-title":"Memory T-cell responses to Vibrio cholerae O1 infection","volume":"77","author":"Weil","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01101-08","article-title":"Cholera caused by Vibrio cholerae O1 induces T-cell responses in the circulation","volume":"77","author":"Bhuiyan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/13\/9\/919\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:34:48Z","timestamp":1760034888000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/13\/9\/919"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines13090919"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines13090919","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]}}}