{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T10:25:44Z","timestamp":1789381544248,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]],"date-time":"2025-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756512000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Health Research Board","award":["MONKEYVAX-2022-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MONKEYVAX-2022-1"]}]},{"name":"Health Research Board","award":["101195540\u2014MpoxVax AFRIVAC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101195540\u2014MpoxVax AFRIVAC"]}]},{"name":"Global Health EDCTP3","award":["MONKEYVAX-2022-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MONKEYVAX-2022-1"]}]},{"name":"Global Health EDCTP3","award":["101195540\u2014MpoxVax AFRIVAC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101195540\u2014MpoxVax AFRIVAC"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The 2022 global mpox outbreak, caused by clade IIb of the monkeypox virus (MPXV), prompted emergency use authorisation of the Modified Vaccinia Ankara\u2013Bavarian Nordic (MVA-BN) vaccine, previously approved for smallpox prevention. Understanding immune responses to the MVA-BN vaccine is critical to inform both current and future mpox vaccine policy, particularly amid reports of breakthrough infections in vaccinated persons, uncertainty about the durability of vaccine-induced protection, and the emergence of further outbreaks of mpox from different viral clades, including the clade I-driven public health emergency of international concern. MVA-BN elicits binding and neutralising antibody, memory B cells, and T cell responses. Immune responses vary by host factors, prior orthopoxvirus exposure, and dosing regimens. While seroconversion is generally robust, circulating antibody titres often wane rapidly, particularly in vaccinia-na\u00efve and\/or immunocompromised individuals, including people with HIV. Vaccine-induced neutralising antibody responses to MPXV are frequently lower than to vaccinia virus, and their role in protection remains ill-defined. In contrast, T cell responses appear more sustained and may support long-term immunity in the absence of persistent antibody titres. This narrative review synthesises current evidence on the immunogenicity and durability of MVA-BN vaccination, highlights challenges in assay interpretation, and outlines key research priorities, including the need to explore correlates of protection, booster strategies, and next-generation vaccine design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13090930","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T16:05:22Z","timestamp":1756829122000},"page":"930","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Immune Response to MVA-BN Vaccination for Mpox: Current Evidence and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0184-0947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanne","family":"Byrne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, St Vincent\u2019s University Hospital, Elm Park, D04 TC63 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0553-201X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick D. M. C.","family":"Katoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tropical Diseases and Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Bukavu, Bukavu 73, Congo"},{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7505, South Africa"},{"name":"Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7505, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Kirenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Epidemics Research Group, Makerere University Lung Institute, Kampala P.O. Box 22412, Uganda"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4742-2791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wilber","family":"Sabiiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection and Global Health, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8255-8822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Obuku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council\/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe P.O. Box 49, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1862-2644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginie","family":"Gautier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick W. G.","family":"Mallon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, St Vincent\u2019s University Hospital, Elm Park, D04 TC63 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4118-4945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eoin R.","family":"Feeney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, St Vincent\u2019s University Hospital, Elm Park, D04 TC63 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"593","article-title":"A human infection caused by monkeypox virus in Basankusu Territory, Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"46","author":"Ladnyj","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bull. 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