{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:42:02Z","timestamp":1760060522414,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UNILA","award":["105\/2020\/PRPPG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["105\/2020\/PRPPG"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is one of the main neglected protozoan diseases in the world. Dogs play a fundamental role in the maintenance of Leishmania infantum in the Americas, and we have already encountered resistance problems with drugs currently used in these animals. Methods: In view of this, two new immunotherapeutic protocols were tested in 48 dogs, using L. amazonensis antigens plus saponin (LaSap) and only L. amazonensis antigens (La) as a control group. Dogs naturally infected with L. infantum were divided into four groups, according to clinical staging. A total of 24 dogs (stages 1 and 2) received a four-dose protocol, and another 24 dogs (stages 3 to 5) received six doses. All animals received a booster dose every three months until they were one year old. Results: Our results showed that dogs in the early stages of the disease respond better and are able to remain stable for longer, maintaining baseline laboratory biomarkers, in addition to having a lower parasite load. Conclusions: On the other hand, dogs in more advanced stages have a poor response, with stage 3 being a key point in clinical progression or regression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13090933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T16:05:22Z","timestamp":1756829122000},"page":"933","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immunomodulation of Patients with Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis at Different Stages: A 12-Month Follow-Up Study Using LaSap"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4657-5446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelvinson Fernandes","family":"Viana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Development Technology Laboratory, Federal University for Latin American Integration (UNILA), Foz do Igua\u00e7u 85870-650, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adrieli Barboza de","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Development Technology Laboratory, Federal University for Latin American Integration (UNILA), Foz do Igua\u00e7u 85870-650, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Development Technology Laboratory, Federal University for Latin American Integration (UNILA), Foz do Igua\u00e7u 85870-650, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Camila Escobar","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Development Technology Laboratory, Federal University for Latin American Integration (UNILA), Foz do Igua\u00e7u 85870-650, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5960-101X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A\u00e7ucena Veleh","family":"Rivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Development Technology Laboratory, Federal University for Latin American Integration (UNILA), Foz do Igua\u00e7u 85870-650, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex Sander Rodrigues","family":"Cangussu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Laboratory, Federal University of Tocantins (UFT), Gurupi 77410-530, TO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisca Hildemagna","family":"Guedes da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leopoldo de Meis Institute of Medical Biochemistry, National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, National Center of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Jiri Jonas, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4181-7546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodolfo Cordeiro","family":"Giunchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular Interaction Biology Laboratory, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, January 31). 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