{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T15:05:14Z","timestamp":1782572714588,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"US Poultry and Egg Association (Tucker, GA, USA)","award":["AWD-103128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AWD-103128"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Bacterial Chondronecrosis with Osteomyelitis (BCO) is a significant issue affecting the welfare and economy of the broiler industry, causing substantial revenue losses annually. This disease is frequently associated with Staphylococcus spp. and Enterococcus spp. infections and necrosis of leg and vertebral bones. The typical annual lameness incidence of approximately 3\u20135% may increase to 30% during outbreaks. Neither the etiology or pathogenesis of the disease has been comprehended, nor have effective preventative measures been identified. Electron beam (eBeam) technology is renowned for producing efficient whole-cell vaccines by preventing bacterial multiplication through irreversible DNA shredding while preserving the integrity of membrane proteins (immunogenic epitopes). This study aims to reduce BCO-induced lameness in broiler chickens via in ovo immunization using eBeam-inactivated multi-strain Staphylococcus. Methods: A total 1080 birds were assigned to four vaccination groups: eBeam-inactivated, formalin-inactivated, combination of eBeam- and formalin-inactivated, and sham (vehicle). The birds were directly exposed to aerosolized, natural BCO challenge until 56 days of age. Results: Birds vaccinated with the eBeam-inactivated Staphylococcus vaccine showed a significant reduction (&gt;50%) in daily cumulative lameness compared to other groups and a decrease in Staphylococcus colonization was observed in the leg joints of treated birds. Conclusions: the eBeam-inactivated Staphylococcus vaccine successfully prevented BCO lameness in broiler chickens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13090946","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T09:18:57Z","timestamp":1756977537000},"page":"946","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Leveraging Electron Beam-Inactivated Multi-Strain Staphylococcus Vaccine for Preventing BCO Lameness in Broiler Chickens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ruvindu","family":"Perera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6793-1833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andi","family":"Asnayanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas System, Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9137-6734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khawla S.","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5119-0355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anh","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4933-7961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manel","family":"Ben Larbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Biodiversity and Resource Development in Mountain Areas of Tunisia (UR17AGR14), Higher School of Agriculture of Mateur, University of Carthage,  Mateur 7030, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda P.","family":"Anthney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas System, Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4039-9023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna L.","family":"F. V. Assumpcao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas System, Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Komala","family":"Arsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, ARS, USDA, Fayetteville, AR 72791, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geetha","family":"Kumar-Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas System, Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8705-5146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jossie M.","family":"Santamaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas System, Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2106-3484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gisela F.","family":"Erf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas System, Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanmaie","family":"Kalapala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas System, Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suresh D.","family":"Pillai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Electron Beam Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9128-4544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Palmy","family":"Jesudhasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, ARS, USDA, Fayetteville, AR 72791, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5122-9150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adnan A. K.","family":"Alrubaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas System, Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024, July 11). Which Are the World\u2019s 10 Largest Chicken Companies?. Available online: https:\/\/www.wattagnet.com\/broilers-turkeys\/broilers\/article\/15660706\/which-are-the-worlds-10-largest-chicken-companies."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"National Chicken Council (2024, July 11). Top Broiler Producing States. 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