{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T06:10:18Z","timestamp":1790143818671,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MSD Animal Health"},{"name":"Clinic of Small Animal Medicine of Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Leptospirosis is a potentially fatal infectious disease. Therefore, annual revaccination of dogs is recommended, but this can lead to diagnostic interference due to vaccine-induced antibodies. This study determined the prevalence of Leptospira spp.-specific antibodies in 97 healthy adult dogs revaccinated with a 4-serovar vaccine (Nobivac\u00ae L4). Methods: Antibodies were measured with a microscopic agglutination test against 12 serovars before (week 0) and 2, 4, 12, 26, and 52 weeks after revaccination. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the presence of pre-revaccination antibodies. Mixed-effect logistic regression analyses and chi-squared tests were used to compare differences between antibodies against vaccine serovars and between vaccine and non-vaccine serovars at different time points. Results: Overall, 63\/97 dogs (64.9%) had antibodies against vaccine serovars before revaccination. During the study period, antibodies against \u22651 vaccine serovars were detected in all 97 dogs (100.0%). The highest likelihood of detectable antibodies was present in weeks 2 and 4, but 71\/97 dogs (73.2%) had antibodies persisting 52 weeks after revaccination. Of 97 dogs, 75 dogs (78.4%) even had antibodies against \u22651 non-vaccine serovars. Among those, 19\/75 (25.0%) had a fourfold titre increase. Conclusions: These findings suggest that high levels of antibody titres against Leptospira spp. occur frequently and cross-reactivity against non-vaccine serovars is likely. The detection of vaccine-induced antibodies can therefore complicate the diagnosis of leptospirosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13090956","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T12:04:55Z","timestamp":1757505895000},"page":"956","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Presence of Vaccine-Induced Antibodies Against Leptospira spp. Complicates the Diagnosis of Leptospirosis by the Microscopic Agglutination Test"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Katharina Gesa","family":"Schmitt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterin\u00e4rstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mich\u00e8le","family":"Bergmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterin\u00e4rstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8656-5839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans","family":"van der Linden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Expertise Centre for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Leptospirosis, UMC, Meibergdreef 39, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6169-5323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed A.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Expertise Centre for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Leptospirosis, UMC, Meibergdreef 39, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8382-7182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reinhard K.","family":"Straubinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstrasse 24, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6928-4089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yury","family":"Zablotski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterin\u00e4rstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5256-863X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katrin","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterin\u00e4rstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.22.06.0258","article-title":"A global one health perspective on leptospirosis in humans and animals","volume":"260","author":"Sykes","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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