{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:16:39Z","timestamp":1792790199986,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":269,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH-1R15DK125940-01A1"},{"name":"Haarberg-3D-center"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The influenza virus is one of the major global health concerns, causing significant morbidity and mortality in both humans and animals, with substantial impacts on public health. Vaccination remains the primary strategy for managing influenza virus infections; however, the virus undergoes frequent genetic changes through antigenic drift and shift. These mutations lead to new seasonal strains that evade pre-existing immunity. These mutations can potentially result in virulent strains that could trigger future pandemics. Therefore, developing a vaccine capable of providing robust protection despite these genetic changes is essential. Vaccine adjuvants are essential for boosting and directing the immune system\u2019s response, broadening the spectrum of protection, and reducing the amount of antigen required to achieve protection, which is particularly valuable in the face of rapidly evolving strains and during pandemics. Recent advances in adjuvant design and formulation strategies have demonstrated promising improvements in both the overall potency and durability of influenza vaccines, importantly, significant reductions in losses due to influenza infection. This review highlights the current status of different types of influenza virus vaccines, their benefits, and challenges. Further, the review focuses on the role of adjuvants, discussing their advantages, limitations, and methodological approaches, while also considering their potential contribution in developing a universal flu vaccine intended to provide extensive and lasting protection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13090962","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T10:50:04Z","timestamp":1757587804000},"page":"962","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Influenza Vaccines: Current Status, Adjuvant Strategies, and Efficacy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4865-1229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vijay Reddy","family":"Mokalla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Allied Health Professions, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shirisha","family":"Gundarapu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4204-9323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radhey S.","family":"Kaushik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mrigendra","family":"Rajput","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Richard A. Gillespie College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hemachand","family":"Tummala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Allied Health Professions, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nuwarda, R.F., Alharbi, A.A., and Kayser, V. (2021). An Overview of Influenza Viruses and Vaccines. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9091032"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0002-y","article-title":"Influenza","volume":"4","author":"Krammer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. 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