{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T07:03:28Z","timestamp":1769065408806,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757721600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: After the 2022 mpox outbreak also outside Africa, risk groups including people living with HIV (PLWH) were vaccinated with the Modified Vaccinia Ankara\u2013Bavarian Nordic vaccine (MVA-BN). Previous data on PLWH showed that two vaccinations induced specific T cell responses in 64% of the patients and natural monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection in 100%. The initial T cell response assay took place at a median of approximately 100 days post-vaccination and 300 days post-infection. Methods: This study investigates the durability of T cell immunity in PLWH by retesting patients approximately two years after initial assessment. We were able to retest 27 of 33 vaccinated patients and 7 of 10 patients after MPXV infection. T cells were stimulated with the same orthopoxvirus-derived peptide pools as in the initial study, and interferon (IFN)-\u03b3 and interleukin (IL)-2 ELISpot assays were performed. Results: The ELISpot assays showed specific T cell responses in 59% and 86% of twice vaccinated and previously infected patients, respectively. Paired analysis revealed no significant differences between previous and current data (short- and long-term follow-up), with IL-2 ELISpot results showing positive correlations at both time points (r = 0.67, p = 0.0001). Long-term IFN-\u03b3 responses after MPXV infection were 4.3 times higher (p &lt; 0.01), and IL-2 responses were 2.9 times higher (p = 0.05) than after vaccination. Conclusions: Our data indicates that T cell responses to Orthopoxviruses remain overall stable for 2\u20133 years in PLWH, with long-term immunity being stronger after natural MPXV infection than after two vaccinations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13090975","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T08:56:46Z","timestamp":1758013006000},"page":"975","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Long-Term Follow-Up of T Cell Immunity Against Orthopoxviruses in People Living with HIV After Vaccination and Natural Monkeypox Virus Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6708-4390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Lindemann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Sammet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Maischack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Graf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter A.","family":"Horn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heidi","family":"Wiehler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Wunderling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Esser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO Mpox Key Facts. 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