{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T15:22:24Z","timestamp":1782400944751,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing prevalence of Lyme disease, tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), and other tick-borne infections such as Babesia, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia, and Anaplasma is a growing public health concern. Existing tick bite prevention strategies are insufficient; therefore, vaccines represent a promising preventive measure. At the moment, only a vaccine for tick-borne encephalitis is available on the market. A vaccine for Lyme disease, however, is at an advanced stage of clinical trials. In this article, we focus on describing the progress in the invention of vaccines for tick-borne diseases. This article analyzes their development and effectiveness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13090990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T13:04:44Z","timestamp":1758546284000},"page":"990","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["What Stage Are We at in the Development of Vaccines Against Tick-Borne Diseases?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Weronika","family":"Stachera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Szuba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arya Taesung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaeuk","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Nzekea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yen Ching","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrianna","family":"Brzozowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Sota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianna","family":"Misiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8890-567X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Dybicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwz130","article-title":"Risk Factors for Bites and Diseases Associated with Black-Legged Ticks: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"188","author":"Fischhoff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. 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