{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T02:26:33Z","timestamp":1772504793047,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000094","name":"Alliance program of the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG-T1-2021-101100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG-T1-2021-101100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000094","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000094","name":"Alliance program of the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["401127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["401127"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000094","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Discovery program of the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG-T1-2021-101100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG-T1-2021-101100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Discovery program of the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["401127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["401127"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Doctor of Veterinary Science student fund of the Ontario Veterinary College","award":["UG-T1-2021-101100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG-T1-2021-101100"]}]},{"name":"Doctor of Veterinary Science student fund of the Ontario Veterinary College","award":["401127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["401127"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Due to the wide host range of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), vaccination has been recommended for susceptible species in zoological collections, particularly to protect endangered species. The Zoetis\u00ae Experimental Mink Coronavirus Vaccine (Subunit) was temporarily authorized in 2021\u20132024 for emergency use in North America for this purpose. However, there are limited data regarding its safety or efficacy in non-domestic mammals. The present study was conducted to assess the ability of this vaccine to elicit serum neutralizing titers against SARS-CoV-2 in selected animals from the Toronto Zoo (TZ) vaccinated during 2022. Methods: Serum samples were collected from 24 individuals across four families (Cervidae, Felidae, Ursidae, and Hyaenidae) and tested using a surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) and a plaque-reduction neutralization test (PRNT). Results: The results showed that all species developed some neutralizing titers after at least one vaccine dose, except for polar bears, which showed no seroconversion. Felids and hyenas had the highest neutralizing titers, which peaked at 3 and declined between 4 and 6 months after boost. These differences may stem from species-specific immune responses or lack of vaccination protocols tailored to individual species. Conclusions: While natural infection with SARS-CoV-2 could not be ruled out in the cohort of this study, insights from our results have the potential to inform future vaccine recommendations for non-domestic species. Furthermore, our study highlighted the value of competitive assays in assessing serological responses across a broad range of exotic species, for which reagents, such as anti-isotype antibodies, are often unavailable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13101037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T08:22:08Z","timestamp":1759911728000},"page":"1037","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["SARS-COV-2 Vaccination Response in Non-Domestic Species Housed at the Toronto Zoo"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Pagliarani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Syndey School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Sydney, 410 Werombi Rd., Camden, NSW 2573, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7678-7434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime","family":"Tuling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 419 Gordon St., Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phuc H.","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 419 Gordon St., Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Leacy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 419 Gordon St., Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pauline","family":"Delnatte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 419 Gordon St., Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3116-9111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brandon N.","family":"Lillie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 419 Gordon St., Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Masters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wildlife Science, Toronto Zoo, 361A Old Finch Avenue, Toronto, ON M1B 5K7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3155-1860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamie","family":"Sookhoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1265-7264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shawn","family":"Babiuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5985-2406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah K.","family":"Wootton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 419 Gordon St., Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4578-6145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo","family":"Susta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 419 Gordon St., Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3060","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14662","article-title":"Multi-species outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant in a zoological institution, with detection in two new families of carnivores","volume":"69","author":"Allender","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound. 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