{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T00:11:31Z","timestamp":1760832691958,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015766","name":"Danone Nutricia Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015766","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Environmental pollutants can profoundly affect immune development, yet their impact on offspring vaccine responsiveness remains poorly understood. To address this, we investigated the impact of maternal cigarette smoke (CS) exposure, a major contributor to household air pollution, on influenza vaccine responsiveness in offspring. Methods: Pregnant dams were exposed to CS or air during gestation and lactation. Two weeks post-weaning, offspring received two influenza vaccinations. After the booster vaccination, vaccine-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), serum immunoglobulins, and splenic T cells were analyzed. Results: Vaccinated offspring exhibited robust DTH responses and comparable levels of vaccine-specific IgG1 and IgG2a, regardless of maternal exposure. Importantly, maternal CS exposure did not affect splenic Th1 cell frequency in vaccinated offspring but increased the frequency of activated Th2 cells. Conclusions: In conclusion, immune development was affected by enhanced Th2 activation, but vaccine efficacy was not impaired. These findings suggest that, under the current conditions of CS exposure (duration, route, and timing) and influenza vaccine dose, vaccine-induced immunity may exhibit resilience even in the presence of environmental immune modulators such as maternal CS exposure. However, these unexpected results highlight the need for further investigation into the broader health implications of maternal pollutant exposure, particularly considering how exposure timing, type, and route, as well as vaccine characteristics, may influence immune development and responsiveness. A deeper understanding of these factors is essential to fully elucidating the clinical relevance of maternal pollutant exposure on childhood vaccine efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13101058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T12:17:02Z","timestamp":1760617022000},"page":"1058","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Maternal Cigarette Smoke Exposure Does Not Impair Influenza Vaccine Responsiveness in Murine Offspring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1815-9434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Dehghani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Outpatient Clinic for Occupational Medicine, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam University of Medical Science, 1081 HV\u00a0Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8678-9182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johan","family":"Garssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Danone Research & Innovation, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"van Ark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0630-2192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gert","family":"Folkerts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8517-4904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeroen","family":"van Bergenhenegouwen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Danone Research & Innovation, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6835-9787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saskia","family":"Braber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Danone Research & Innovation, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.59249\/TAVR4964","article-title":"Association Between Maternal Prenatal Exposure to Household Air Pollution and Child Respiratory Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"97","author":"Saxena","year":"2024","journal-title":"Yale J. 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